• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 2011

Many control techniques have been proposed in order to improve the control performance of the control system. The degree of freedom on control in the control system is decided by the number of the closed-loop transfer function which can adjust independently. The controller design scheme with two degrees of freedom(TDOF) is extensively used for securing the good control performance to trace a desired value and reject disturbance. In this paper, PID controller is used by controller with TDOF and the design method for control system with TDOF is proposed by the normal method. Using the coefficients of the transfer function of the plant, the transfer function of the control system is normalized by the proposed design method and the parameters of the controller are determined. The control system with the TDOF is constructed by using this method. Through the simulation results, the usefulness of the proposed algorithm is proved.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.7-18
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• 1971

The liver function test was performed by means of two radioisotope tracer techniques in 20 normal subjects and in 63 patients with hepatobiliary diseases. The blood disappearance rates of $^{131}I$-rose bengal and of $^{198}Au$ colloid were determined by external counting method. The hepatocellular function and the hepatic blood flow were estimated from the observed data and the results were compared with those of the conventional liver function tests. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The mean blood disappearance half time of $^{131}I$-rose bengal was $6.6{\pm}0.63$ minutes in normal control, $17.7{\pm}6.93$ in cirrhosis of the liver, $16.6{\pm}4.80$ in acute hepatitis, and $14.7{\pm}3.46$ in obstructive jaundice. It was markedly prolonged in the hepatobiliary diseases as compared with the normal control, but there was no significant difference among the hepatobiliary diseases. 2. The mean blood disappearance half time of $^{198}Au$ colloid was $4.0{\pm}0.66$ minutes in normal control, $9.8{\pm}3.42$ in cirrhosis of the liver, $4.4{\pm}0.82$ in acute hepatitis, and $5.0{\pm}1.42$ in obstructive jaundice. The difference between cirrhosis of the liver and normal control Was statistically significant. However, there was no definite difference among acute hepatitis, obstructive jaundice, and normal control. The mean blood disappearance rate constant (K value) was $0.177{\pm}0.028/minute$ in normal control. In cirrhosis of the liver, it was markedly decreased which was suggestive of the reduced hepatic blood flow. 3. The ratio of $^{131}I$-rose bengal blood disappearance half time to $^{198}Au$ colloid disappearance half time was $1.68{\pm}0.20$ in normal control, $1.82{\pm}0.31$ in cirrhosis of the liver, $3.80{\pm}0.82$ in acute hepatitis, and $3.01{\pm}0.54$ in obstructive jaundice. The ratios in acute hepatitis and obstructive jaundice were remarkably higher than those in normal control and cirrhosis of the liver. 4. There was a significant correlation between the blood disappearance half time of $^{131}I$-rose bengal and that of $^{198}Au$ colloid in cirrhosis of the liver. 5. In cirrhosis of the liver, the blood disappearance half times of $^{131}I$-rose bengal and of $^{198}Au$ colloid were inversely correlated to the serum albumin level. In acute hepatitis, there was a good positive correlation between the blood disappearance half time of $^{131}I$-rose bengal and the serum transaminase activities. In obstructive jaundice, the blood disappearance half time of $^{131}I$-rose bengal was correlated to the serum bilirubin level.

• 한국노년학
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.813-833
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to classify the results of previous studies on the cognitive function improvement program of the elderly into the cognitive impairment group and the normal group to compare the effect sizes of the groups using meta - analysis. Among the previous studies on cognitive function improvement programs reported in Korea for the last five years, 86 were selected and the effect sizes were summarized using meta-analysis. As a result of the study, the overall average effect size showed a large effect size in both groups. The effect sizes of the intervention types were high for the cognitive impairment group, and the exercise and cognitive-based interventions were similar for the normal group. The gender effect size was higher for the women with cognitive impairment group, and higher for the combined case with normal group. The effect sizes according to group size were higher for 20 persons in cognitive impairment group and higher for 21~40 persons in normal group. The total number of sessions in both groups was higher than 32 times, The number of sessions per week was 3 times for the cognitive impairment group, 4 to 6 times for the normal group. The duration of activity was 55~60 minutes in cognitive impairment group and 70~180 minutes in normal group as the number of sessions and activity time increased the effect size was higher in normal group. This study will be meaningful in that it provided basic data necessary for future program development by comparing and analyzing the effect sizes of the cognitive function improvement program type and the activity factors between the cognitive impairment group and the normal group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.239-244
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• 2003

This study investigated the in vivo insulin function of Polygonatum odoratum in normal and diabetic male Sprague-Dawley rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced by an i.p. injection of streptozotocin. Normal and diabetic rats were assigned to the diet groups of the control basal diet and Polygonatum odoratum diet. The animals were fed the diet and water ad libitum for 15 days. Initial and final body weights, total food intake and serum glucose and insulin levels were measured. An insulin suppression test was performed to elucidate the insulin function in the peripheral tissues. The results showed that the final serum glucose levels significantly decreased in the diabetic rats on the Polygonatum odoratum diet compared with the diabetic rats on the control diet. The final serum insulin levels were increased in the diabetic rats on the Polygonatum odoratum diet compared with the diabetic rats on the control diet. The in vivo function of the insulin increased in the diabetic rats on the Polygonatum odoratum compared with the diabetic rats on the control diet. These data indicate that Polygonatum odoratum may be beneficial in improving the in vivo insulin function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the reciprocal causal relationship between social activities and health with reference to the cognitive function level among community-dwelling older adults. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal data analysis using the $4^{th}$ (Time 1) and $5^{th}$ (Time 2) waves from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing adopting cross-lagged panel analysis (CLPA). Results: A total of 3,473 community-dwelling older adults were included in the analysis: 2,053 in the normal cognitive function group, 912 in the mild cognitive impairment group, and 508 in the moderate to severe cognitive impairment group. The CLPA revealed that higher levels of social activities at Time 1 significantly influenced better subjective health perception at Time 2 in all three groups. In addition, better subjective health perception at Time 1 significantly influenced higher levels of social activities at time 2 only in the normal cognitive function group. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that participating in social activities has positive effects on health regardless of the cognitive function level in community-dwelling older adults. This finding suggests that there is a need to develop strategies that can be used to encourage older adults with cognitive decline to maintain participation in social activities.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2016

Background and Purpose : Effects of smokers's jogging exercises on oxygen uptake, ventilation, heart rate, and vital-capacity of normal adults have not been studied in details on. In this study, people that had completed the established jogging exercises was selected for the study. We could examine the effects of imposed jogging in smokers who might be considered by an experienced physical therapist to be well practiced and proficient in this exercises. Subjects and Methods : A total number of 24 young healthy subjects participated in a randomized crossover controlled study and completed the study. The subjects of this study were divided into jogging and controlled groups which were composed 14 people respectively. The members of exercise group had jogging exercises 50 minutes a day, five times a week, for 5 weeks in same conditions, otherwise controlled group did not. Results : The results of this study were as follows. The jogging group demonstrated significant increases in cardiopulmonary function, vital-capacity and exercise capacity, compared with control group, which demonstrated no change in baseline measurements of 5 weeks. Conclusion : Jogging exercises can increase cardiopulmonary function in people after they have undergone successful PA. These results suggested that it was improved on cardiopulmonary function and lung capacity, since jogging exercise had. The results of this study could be applied for valuable criterion cardiopulmonary function. It is necessary to selects in various groups of the purpose of enhancing confidence in of this research.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.275-288
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the cognitive differences among the aged who have different living conditions. 91 free-meal receivers and 86 people with stable lives were asked about their living conditions and cognitive function by using K-MMSE. All data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 package. Free meal receivers had poorer socioeconomic status than the subjects who had stable lives. Cognitive function of free meal receivers was lower than the people with stable lives in the most cognitive factors. Especially age of 50 to 64, pre-aged group, who had been receiving free meals, showed lowest cognitive level than the other age groups. Among 7 cognitive factors, there was the greatest difference in attention and calculation between 2 groups. Percentage of 'conclusive dementia' among the free meal receivers was statistically higher than the people with stable lives and that of 'conclusively normal' was statistically lower in free meal receivers comparing with the people with stable lives. Moreover, socioeconomic factors like income, former job, marital status, housing and education, blood pressure and physical activity were significantly related to the subject's cognitive function.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.49-58
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• 2013

Appropriate random variables and probability density functions based on statistical analysis should be defined to execute reliability analysis. Most studies have focused on only normal distributions or assumed that the variables showing non-normal characteristics follow the normal distributions. In this study, the reliability problem with non-normal probability distribution was dealt with using the convolution method in the case that the integration domains of variables are limited to a finite range. The results were compared with the traditional method (linear transformation of normal distribution) and Monte Carlo simulation method to verify that the application was in good agreement with the characteristics of probability density functions with peak shapes. However it was observed that the reproducibility was slightly reduced down in the tail parts of density function.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.27-38
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• 2002

The purpose of this article is to present the acoustic parameters (VOT, jitter, shimmer, vF0, vAm, NHR, SPI, VTI, DVB, DSH) for consonants (/pipi/, /$p^{h}ip^{h}i$/, /p'ip'i/) and sustained vowels (/a/, /e/, /i/) produced by normal subjects and dysphonia patients at two vocal effort(normal, high) by Lombard effect using 60dB white noise. Lombard effect indicates the vocal effort increase in noisy situation. At normal vocal effort, in general the acoustic parameter values of patients are greater than normal. And in noisy situation, significant decrease of acoustic values is seen in normal compared with in dysphonia patients. The clinical implication of this finding, the vocal quality in dysphonia is not compensated by vocal effort as well as normal subjects because of the inefficiency caused by abnormal vocal fold appearance and function. And with this result, we can counsel that the voice quality can not be improved as well as the patient expect.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.5495-5501
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• 2014

Individuals with a left frontal brain injury show significant impairments in their speech ability. The aims of the present study were (1) to assess and compare the ability of speech acts comprehension and executive function between individuals with a left frontal brain injury and normal individuals, and (2) to investigate the correlation of speech act comprehension ability factors. The study's subjects were 18 individuals with a left frontal brain injury and 18 normal control adults of the same age, gender, and educational age. The following results were obtained. First, the group of individuals with a left frontal brain injury had lower speech act comprehension, executive function than the normal control group. Second, the speech act comprehension ability of the individuals with a left frontal brain injury showed a high correlation with the executive function.