• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.86-90
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• 2003

Little is known to data about the in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents aganist Brucella cams (B cams) isolated from Korea. Our study aimed at determining the in vitro activities of 15 antimicrobial agents against 3 isolates and 52 isolates of B cams from dogs in 1994 and 2002, respectively. In minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) study, minocycline and doxycycline showed the lowest MICs ( < 0.06-0.5 ug/ml). Gentamicin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and rifampin showed MICs in the range of less than 1 ug/ml. Lincomycin and sulfisox azole showed the highest MICs ( > 32 ug/ml). Interestingly, MICs of macrolides (erythromycin, spiramycin, tylosin) against 52 isolates in 2002 were 16-64 times higher than that of 3 isolates in 1994. In minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) study, gentamicin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin showed the lowest MBCs [0.12-1 ug/ml (1-2 times higher than MIC)], but minocycline and doxycycline showed the highest MBCs [8-32 ug/ml (128 times higher than MIC)]. Rifampin showed the MBCs in the range from 2 to 4 ug/ml (2-4 times higher than MIC).

• 생약학회지
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• 제36권3호통권142호
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• pp.252-256
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• 2005

The in visto inhibitory activities of essential oils of the Rosmarinus officinalis as well as its main constituents were evaluated against antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium. The essential oil fraction of R. officinalis and its main components, 1,8-cineole and camphor, exhibited significant inhibitory activities against most of the tested strains in this study, with MICs(minimum inhibitory concentrations) racing from 0.5mg/ml to 16mg/ml. The total oil fraction showed higher activity than its main components, 1,8-cineole and camphor against S. aureus strains. No remarkable differences were evident between MICs of the susceptible and resistant strains of S. aureus. Among the tested strains, S. pneumoniae CCARM 3523, the resistant strain to norfloxacin, oxacillin and erythromycin exhibited significantly lower sensitivity to the tested oils than antibiotic-susceptible strain. The oils revealed mostly higher inhibitory activity against S. typhimurium than against S. enteritidis.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2000

There are several main antibacterial susceptibility tests, such as agar dilution method, broth dilution method and disk diffusion technique. Especially, for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, agar dilution method has been widely used. But that method is so complicated and bothering that it's difficult to treat a large amount of strains. On the other hand, modified broth dilution method(add 1% glucose and 0.018% phenol red as a pH indicator to broth) is fast and easy to perform. Most of all, it can visualize the result by color. The MICs of 22 antibiotics Including penicillins, aminoglycosides, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, ceftiofur, vancomycin and quinolones, erythromycin, colistin. sul-fadimethoxine, trimethoprim for arcanobacterium pyogenes 14 strains, actinobacillus pleuropneu-moniae 41 strains and pasteurella multocida 37 strains, which were collected from porcine during 1996 ∼ 1999, were determined by modified broth dilution method. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was highly susceptible to all kinds of quinolones such as ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin and to all aminoglycosides, like gentamicin, apramycin, kanamycin and ampicillin, cephalothin and ceftiofur. But It was quite resistant to solfadimethoxin, colistin and vancomycin. Pasteurella multocida was found to have high susceptibility to ampicillin, cephalothin, chlorampenicol and gentamicin but had mid-degree susceptibility to other aminoglycosides. In addition, it was susceptible to norfloxacin and nalidixic acid, but not to newer fluoroquinolone like ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin and it was resistant to colistin and kanamycin. Arcanobacterium pyogenes was highly susceptible to most of quinolones such as cipoofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin and gentamicin and penicillin G. But it also obtained high resistance against the early quinolone, nalidixic acid and aminoglycosides such as amikacin, apramycin and kanamycin and erythromycin, chlorampenicol, tetracyclin and vancomycin.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.639-644
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• 2011

A simple and highly sensitive chemiluminescence method to determine norfloxacin (NFLX) has been proposed by measuring the chemiluminescence (CL) intensities using a flow injection (FI) system. The CL intensity of the luminol-$H_2O_2$ system is strongly enhanced by the addition of Cu (II) in alkaline condition. The CL intensity is substantially increased after the injection of NFLX into the luminol-$H_2O_2$-Cu (II) system. The enhancement effect is attributed to a catalytic effect of Cu (II) due to the interaction with NFLX which forms a complex with the catalyst. Under the optimal conditions, the sensitizing effect of the CL intensity is proportional to the concentration of NFLX in the range of $1.5{\times}10^{-9}-5.9{\times}10^{-7}molL^{-1}$ (r = 0.9994) with a detection limit ($3{\sigma}$) of $2.98{\times}10^{-10}molL^{-1}$. The proposed method had good reproducibility with the relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 5) of 1.6% for $1{\times}10^{-7}molL^{-1}$ of NFLX. The possible reaction mechanism of the CL reaction is also discussed. This method has been successfully applied for the determination of trace amount of NFLX in pharmaceutical preparations and serum samples.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2002

Effects of Temperature on the Pharmacokinetics of norfloxecin (NFX) were studied in the cultured carp,Cyprinus carpio, and cel, Anguilla japonica, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) originally developed for quinolone determination in livesrocks. Pharmacokinetics of NFX was apparently affected by ambiem water temperature. In a two-compaament model for carp after oral dosage of 20 mg/K01 at $13^{\circ}C$ and $23^{\circ}C$ and 5.20/hr, respectively. In carp the $K_{\iota\nu}$, $T_{max}$and $C_{max}$ for carp at $13^{\circ}C$ were 13.30/hr, 17.44 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$ and 7.00 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$, respectively. The" correspoeding values at $23^{\circ}C$ were 3.93/hr, 15.40 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$ and 9.44 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$, respectively. The AUC and T were 355.66 ${\mu}g$ hr/$m\ell$, and 12.70 hr at $13^{\circ}C$ and 417,24 ${\mu}g$ hr/$m\ell$ and 13.86 hrs at $23^{\circ}C$, respectively. Similar trends were revealed in the NFX pharmacokinetics of eel kept under the two water temperature regimes aftee oral NFX dosage of 20 mg/kg. These pharmacokinetkal results have some implication in the optimal usage of recently introduced antibacterials in farmed fish, which were originally adapted for poultry and mammalian species.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.623-628
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• 2010

The distribution of fluoroquinolones was investigated in the carp (Cyprinus carpio) and eel (Anguilla japonica) after an oral dose of 20 mg/kg body weight/day for 35 days. Blood samples were collected at 5 and 10 hours and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, 20, 30, and 35 days after treatment. The fluoroquinolone concentrations were determined high- performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector. The recovery rates of fluoroquinolones in the fish samples ranged from 91.4-96.6, 91.2-96.5, and 90.4-98.6% for concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and $1.0\;{\mu}g/g$, respectively. In the blood of carp, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, and sarafloxacin reached maximums level of 11.03, 9.37, 9.10, and $9.81\;{\mu}g/g$ 10 hours, 1 day, 10 hours, and 10 hours after treatment, respectively. In the eel blood, these reached maximum levels of 12.65, 11.18, 11.91, and $8.74\;{\mu}g/g$ all at 10 hours. Carp sample concentrations of ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, and sarafloxacin were not measurable 20, 30, 20, and 20 days after treatment, respectively, in all experiments (

• 약학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.136-142
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• 1993

To a suspension of 1-cyclopropyl-6,8-difluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-{3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-1(5)-en-3-yl}-4-oxo-3-quinoline carboxylic acid(C1) in sodium hydroxide solution and water is added dropwise with stirring carbon disulfide. [6R-[6$\alpha$, 7$\beta$(Z)]]-7-[[[2-Amino-4-thiazoly)methoxyimino]-acetyl]amino]-3-[[[[7-( 3-carboxy-1-cyclopropyl-6,8-difluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-guinolonyl)-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-1(5)-en-3-yl]thioxomethyl]thio]methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-2-carboxylic acid (DACD) was synthesized from 1-cyclopropyl-6,8-difluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-[7-(mercapto) thioxomethyl-[3,7-dia zabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-1(5)-en-3-yl}]-4-oxo-3-quinoline carboxylic acid disodium salt(C2) and cefotaxime. The invitro activity of novel dual-action cephalosporin, DACD, was compared with the in vitro activities of CENO(cefotaxime 3'-norfloxacin dithiocarbamate), cefotaxime, and norfloxacin against a variety of bacterial species. In vitro activity of DACD was superior to that of norfloxacin against Streptococcus pyogenes. Against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, its activity was almost equal to that of CENO.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.636-643
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• 2009

총 388건의 시료를 분석한 결과, 닭 143건 중 총 12건의 플루오르퀴놀론계 항생제가 검출되었으며 다른 식품군에서는 모두 불검출 되었다. 항생제 별로 보면 엔로플록사신이 12건으로 가장 많았고 시프로플록사신이 5건, 노르플록사신이 1건 순이었다. 검출농도는 엔로플록사신이 0.01-0.73 mg/kg, 시프로플록사신이 0.01-0.03 mg/kg 및 노르플록사신이 0.12 mg/kg이었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.293-299
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• 2012

어류 및 갑각류 중에 잔류하는 fluoroquinolone계 항균제를 조사하기 위하여 HPLC-FLD와 LC-MS를 이용하여 분석을 실시하였다. HPLC-FLD를 이용하여 분석하였을 때 검출한계와 정량한계는 각각 0.0030-0.0083, 0.0090-0.0252 mg/kg이었고, LC-MS는 각각 0.0019-0.0040, 0.0059-0.0122 mg/kg으로 나타났다. ofloxacin, norfloxacin, pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin의 회수율은 76.4-104.6% 범위로 분석되었다. 총 268건에 대하여 fluoroquinolone계 항균제의 잔류량을 조사한 결과 7.5%의 검출율을 나타내었고, 동자개 1건에서 enrofloxacin과 ciprofloxacin의 합이 허용 기준치인 0.1 mg/kg보다 높게 검출되었다. Ofloxacin, norfloxacin과 pefloxacin은 모든 시료에서 검출되지 않았고 ciprofloxacin과 enrofloxacin은 각각 3.4%와 6.7%의 검출율을 보였다. 어종별 검출율은 장어(2.6%), 미꾸라지(2.2%), 동자개(1.5%), 붕어(0.7%), 가물치(0.4%) 순서로 나타났다.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2001년도 Proceedings of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea
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• pp.115.2-116
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• 2001