• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.185-204
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• 2015

This study investigates the impact of the earthquake incident angle on the structural demand and the influence of ground motion selection and scaling methods on seismic directionality effects. The structural demand produced by Non-Linear Time-History Analyses (NLTHA) varies with the seismic input incidence angle. The seismic directionality effects are evaluated by subjecting four three-dimensional reinforced concrete structures to different scaled and un-scaled records oriented along nine incidence angles, whose values range between 0 and 180 degrees, with an increment of 22.5 degrees. The results show that NLTHAs performed applying the ground motion records along the principal axes underestimate the structural demand prediction, especially when plan-irregular structures are analyzed. The ground motion records generate the highest demand when applied along the lowest strength structural direction and a high energy content of the records increases the structural demand corresponding to this direction. The seismic directionality impact on structural demand is particularly important for irregular buildings subjected to un-scaled accelerograms. However, the orientation effects are much lower if spectrum-compatible combinations of scaled records are used. In both cases, irregular structures should be analyzed first with pushover analyses in order to identify the weaker structural directions and then with NLTHAs for different incidence angles.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2022

The microstructure of highly aggregated colloidal dispersions was investigated by probing the rheological behavior of magnetic suspensions. The dynamic moduli as functions of frequency and strain amplitude are shown to closely resemble that of colloidal gels indicating the formation of network structure. The two types of characteristic critical strain amplitudes, γ_c and γ_y, were characterized in terms of the changing microstructure. The amplitude of γ_c indicates the transition from linear to nonlinear viscoelasticity and depends only on particle volume fraction not magnetic interactions. The study of scaling behavior suggests that it is related to the breakage of interfloc, i.e., floc-floc structure. However, yielding strain, γ_y, was found to be independent of particle volume fraction as well as magnetic interaction. It relates to extensive deformation resulting in yielding behavior. The scaling of elastic constant, G_e, implies that this yielding behavior and hence γ_y is due to the breakage of long-range interfloc interactions. Also, the deformation of flocs due to increase strain was indicated from the investigation of the fractal nature.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.167-173
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• 2023

본 논문에서는 고차원의 자료를 저차원으로 변환시켜 시각화하는 다양한 방법들을 소개하였다. 차원 축소는 크게 선형 방법과 비선형 방법으로 나눌 수 있는데 선형 방법으로 주성분 분석, 다차원 척도 등을 간략하게 소개하였고 비선형 방법으로 커널 주성분 분석, 자기조직도, 국소 선형 사상, Isomap, 국소 다차원 척도 등을 간략하게 소개하였으며, 가장 최근에 제안되었으며 매우 널리 사용되고 있지만 통계학 분야에는 비교적 생소한 t-SNE에 대하여 자세히 소개하였다. t-SNE를 이용한 간단한 예제를 제시하고 t-SNE의 장단점을 지적한 최근 연구 논문을 소개하고 제시된 향후 연구 과제들을 살펴보았다.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2015

언샤프 마스크 기법은 입력 영상에 그 영상의 경계를 추출 한 결과 영상을 더하여 영상의 경계를 강조하는 기법이다. 이 기법은 영상의 경계를 강화하여 화질을 개선시키지만 전체적인 대비 강화에 취약하고 잡음에 민감하여 영상을 거칠게 만든다는 단점이 있다. 멀티 채널 언샤프 마스크는 두 개 이상의 언샤프 마스크 채널을 적용하여 전체 영상에 대한 대비 강화가 가능하고 영상의 거친 느낌을 완화 할 수 있다. 그러나 이 기법은 스케일을 강하게 적용해도 경계가 약한 부분에 대한 강화에 한계가 있다는 단점이 존재한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 이 논문에서는 기존 멀티 채널 언샤프 마스크의 선형적인 스케일링 방법에 지수함수를 도입하여 비선형적인 스케일링을 가능하도록 하였다. 실험결과 기존 언샤프 마스크 기법에 비해 영상강화에 세부적인 제어가 가능해서 원하는 영역에 대한 대비를 강화할 수 있었다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.65-69
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• 2012

Objectives : Much is still unknown about the neurophysiological mechanisms or dynamics of the sleep onset process. Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) is a new tool for the analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) that may give us additional information about electrophysiological changes. The purpose of this study is to analyze long-range correlations of electroencephalographic signals by DFA and their changes in the sleep onset process. Methods : Thirty channel EEG was recorded in 61 healthy subjects (male:female=34:27, age=$27.2{\pm}3.0$ years). The scaling exponents, alpha, were calculated by DFA and compared between four kinds of 30s sleep-wakefulness states such as wakefulness, transition period, early sleep, and late sleep (stage 1). These four states were selected by the distribution of alpha and theta waves in O1 and O2 electrodes. Results : The scaling exponents, alpha, were significantly different in the four states during sleep onset periods, and also varied with the thirty leads. The interaction between the sleep states and the leads was significant. The means (${\pm}$ standard deviation) of alphas for the states were 0.94 (${\pm}0.12$), 0.98 (${\pm}0.12$), 1.10 (${\pm}0.10$), 1.07 (${\pm}0.07$) in the wakefulness, transitional period, early sleep and late sleep state respectively. The mean alpha of anterior fifteen leads was greater than that of posterior fifteen leads, and the two regions showed the different pattern of changes of the alpha during the sleep onset periods. Conclusions : The characteristic findings in the sleep onset period were the increasing pattern of scaling exponent of DFA, and the pattern was slightly but significantly different between fronto-temporal and parieto-occipital regions. It suggests that the long-range correlations of EEG have a tendency of increasing from wakefulness to early sleep, but anterior and posterior brain regions have different dynamical process. DFA, one of the nonlinear analytical methods for time series, may be a useful tool for the investigation of the sleep onset period.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2019년도 학술발표회
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• pp.147-147
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• 2019

The Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models determine the future state of the weather by forcing current weather conditions into the atmospheric models. The NWP models approximate mathematically the physical dynamics by nonlinear differential equations; however these approximations include uncertainties. The errors of the NWP estimations can be related to the initial and boundary conditions and model parameterization. Development in the meteorological forecast models did not solve the issues related to the inevitable biases. In spite of the efforts to incorporate all sources of uncertainty into the forecast, and regardless of the methodologies applied to generate the forecast ensembles, they are still subject to errors and systematic biases. The statistical post-processing increases the accuracy of the forecast data by decreasing the errors. Error prediction of the NWP models which is updating the NWP model outputs or model output statistics is one of the ways to improve the model forecast. The regression methods (including linear, polynomial and scaling regression) are applied to the present study to improve the real time forecast skill. Such post-processing consists of two main steps. Firstly, regression is built between forecast and measurement, available during a certain training period, and secondly, the regression is applied to new forecasts. In this study, the WRF real-time forecast data, in comparison with the observed data, had systematic biases; the errors related to the NWP model forecasts were reflected in the underestimation of the meteorological data forecast by the WRF model. The promising results will indicate that the post-processing techniques applied in this study improved the meteorological forecast data provided by WRF model. A comparison between various bias correction methods will show the strength and weakness of the each methods.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제30권5_6호
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• pp.299-306
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 내장형 실시간 시스템의 성능 개선을 위한 리엔지니어링(performance re-engineering) 기법을 제시한다. 시스템 리엔지니어링은 구현이 완료된 시스템에서 새로운 성능 요구사항을 만족시키기 위한 일련의 작업이라 할 수 있다. 일반적으로 실시간 시스템의 성능은 실시간 처리량(real-time throughput)과 입출력 시간 지연(input-to-output latency) 등으로 기술할 수 있으며 새로운 성능 요구사항은 이와 같은 파라미터를 통해 기술된다. 본 연구의 리엔지니어링 기법은 두 단계로 구성된다. 첫째, 시스템을 프로세스 네트워크의 형태로 파악한 후, 프로세스의 수행시간을 분석하여 병목(bottleneck)이 되는 프로세스를 찾아낸다. 둘째, 병목 프로세스의 수행시간을 개선한 수 있도록 프로세싱 요소의 성능비례계수(performance scaling factor)를 구한다. 성능비례계수는 성능 개선을 비율로 나타낸 것으로서 리엔지니어링 비용을 최소화하도록 그 값을 구한다. 따라서 유도된 성능비례계수에 따라 하드웨어 장치를 업그레이드하면 하드웨어 비용을 최적화할 수 있다. 이러한 방법을 사용하면 소프트웨어를 수정할 필요가 없으며, 리엔지니어링 비용 및 시간을 단축할 수 있다.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.21-38
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• 2014

지구의 온난화로 인하여 기온이 상승하고 이에 대응하여 수온 증가가 감지되고 있다. 하천의 수온 변화는 수질과 생태계, 특히 용존산소변화와 생물체의 이동으로 이어진다. 기온 변화가 하천의 수질과 생태 환경에 미치는 영향을 추정하기 위해서 수온 상승의 시기와 하천 어종에 대한 이해가 필요한데 이를 위하여 미래의 수온을 예측할 필요가 있다. 환경부 산하 국립환경과학원에서 설치한 국가수질관측망 자료와 기상청 기상관측소의 기온 자료를 활용하여 기온-수온 비선형 상관관계모형을 구축하였다. 기온-수온 대표 관계인 비선형 로지스틱(Logistic) 함수에 포함된 4개의 매개변수를 결정하기 위하여 SCE최적화 기법을 이용하였다. 기온-수온 상관관계는 시간규모에 따른 최대 온도와 최소 온도에 차이가 있으나 수질 또는 생태 반응의 적당한 시간규모에 해당하는 주 평균 온도를 이용하여 분석하였다. 전반적으로 우리나라 하천의 기온-수온 관계는 선형보다는 비선형 모형에서 NSC와 RMSE가 더 우수하여 비선형 모형이 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 연구 결과는 미래의 기온 상승 변화에 반응하는 수질, 수문 및 생태반응에 대비하여 공학기술자 또는 정책입안자에게 적절한 기후변화 대책 방향을 설정하는 데 지침을 제공할 것이다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.169-184
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• 2022

The importance of seismicity in developing countries and the strengthening of buildings is a topic of major importance. Therefore, the study of several solutions with the development of new technologies is of great importance to investigate the damage on retrofitted structures by using probabilistic methods. The Federal Emergency Management Agency considers three types of performance levels by considering different scenarios, intensity and duration. The selection and scaling of ground motions mainly depends on the aim of the study. Intensity-based assessments are the most common and compute the response of buildings for a specified seismic intensity. Assessments based on scenarios estimate the response of buildings to different earthquake scenarios. A risk-based assessment is considered as one of the most effective. This research represents a practical method for developing countries where exists many active faults, tall buildings and lack of good implementable approaches. Therefore, to achieve the main goal, two high-rise steel buildings have been modeled and assessed. The contribution of buckling-restrained braces in the elastic design of both buildings is firstly verified. In the nonlinear static range, both buildings presented repairable damage at the central top part and some life safety hinges at the bottom. The nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis was applied by 15 representative/scaled accelerograms to obtain levels of performance and fragility curves. The results shown that by using probabilistic methods, it is possible to estimate the probability of collapse of retrofitted buildings by buckling-restrained braces and tuned mass dampers, which are practical retrofitting options to protect existing structures against earthquakes.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 논문집 학회본부 D
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• pp.650-652
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• 2000

Although Fuzzy Logic Controller(FLC) adopted three terms as input gives better performance. FLC is in general composed of two-term control because of the difficulty in the construction of fuzzy rule base. In this paper, a three-term FLC which is similar to PID control but acts as a nonlinear controller is proposed. To reduce the complexity of the rule base design and increase efficiency, a simplified fuzzy PID control is induced from a hybrid velocity/position type PID algorithm by sharing a common rule base for both fuzzy Pi and fuzzy PD parts. It is simple in structure, easy in implementation, and fast in calculation. The phase plane technique is applied to obtain the rule base for fuzzy two-term control and them. The resultant rule base is Macvicar-Whelan type. The frequency response information is used in tuning of membership functions. Also a tuning strategy for the scaling factors is Proposed based on the relationship between PID gain and them. Simulation results show better performance and the effectiveness of the proposed method.