• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.659-659
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• 2013

Recently, graphene has been intensively studied due to the fascinating physical, chemical and electrical properties. It shows high carrier mobility, high current density, and high thermal conductivity compare with conventional semiconductor materials even it has single atomic thickness. Especially, since graphene has fantastic electrical properties many researchers are believed that graphene will be replacing Si based technology. In order to realize it, we need to prepare the large and uniform graphene. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is the most promising technique for synthesizing large and uniform graphene. Unfortunately, CVD method requires transfer process from metal catalyst. In transfer process, supporting polymer film (Such as poly (methyl methacrylate)) is widely used for protecting graphene. After transfer process, polymer layer is removed by organic solvents. However, it is impossible to remove it completely. These organic residues on graphene surface induce quality degradation of graphene since it disturbs movement of electrons. Thus, in order to get an intrinsic property of graphene completely remove of the organic residues is the most important. Here, we introduce modified wet graphene transfer method without PMMA. First of all, we grow the graphene from Cu foil using CVD method. And then, we deposited several metal films on graphene for transfer layer instead of PMMA. Finally, we fabricate graphene FET devices. Our approaches show low defect density and non-organic residues in comparison with PMMA coated graphene through Raman spectroscopy, SEM and AFM. In addition, clean graphene FET shows intrinsic electrical characteristic and high carrier mobility.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.351-359
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• 2020

Formation behavior and properties of PEO (Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation) film on AA2024 were investigated under application of pulsed current as a function of Na3PO4 concentration in 0.05 M Na2SiO3 solution by analyzing voltage-time behavior, in-situ observation of arc generation, observation of surface morphology and measurements of thickness and surface roughness. Arc generation voltage decreased with increasing Na3PO4 concentration. Color difference of PEO films between edge and inner part disappeared by addition of Na3PO4. It was also observed that size of nodules on PEO film decreased with increasing Na3PO4 concentration. Thickness of PEO films formed on AA2024 increased with increasing Na3PO4 concentration. Whereas, surface roughness of PEO films decreased with increasing Na3PO4 concentration up to 0.05 M of Na3PO4 which is attributed to the deceased size of nodules on the PEO films. However, the surface roughness increased with increasing Na3PO4 concentration more than 0.07 M of Na3PO4 which seems to be due to the formation of non-uniform PEO films with smooth surface and large size pores formed by orange-colored big arcs. The experimental results suggest that added sodium phosphate less than 0.2 M in an alkaline silicate solution can contribute to the formation of relatively thick and uniform thickness of PEO films under arc generation voltage lower than 300 V.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.249-259
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• 2017

The use of high-strength steels in construction of highrise and mega building structures can bring about many technological advantages from fabrication to erection. However, key design criteria such as local and lateral stability in current steel design specifications were developed based on tests of ordinary steels which have stress-strain characteristics very different from that of high strength steels. A series of tests on 800 MPa tensile strength steel (HSA800) members are summarized in this paper which were conducted to investigate the appropriateness of extrapolating current ordinary-steel based design criteria to high strength steels. 800 MPa I-shape beam specimens designed according to flange local buckling (FLB) criteria of the AISC Specification developed a sufficient strength for elastic design and a marginal rotation capacity for plastic design. It is shown that, without introducing distinct and significant yield plateau to the stress-strain property of high-strength steel, it is inherently difficult to achieve a high rotation capacity even if all the current stability limits are met. 800 MPa I-shape beam specimens with both low and high warping rigidity exhibited sufficient lateral torsional buckling (LTB) strength. HSA800 short-column specimens with various edge restraint exhibited sufficient local buckling strength under uniform compression and generally outperformed ordinary steel specimens. The experimental P-M strength was much higher than the AISC nominal P-M strength. The measured residual stresses indicated that the impact of residual stress on inelastic buckling of high-strength steel is less. Cyclic seismic test results showed that HSA800 members have the potential to be used as non-ductile members or members with limited ductility demand in seismic load resisting systems. Finally, recent applications of 800 MPa high strength steel to highrise and mega building structures in Korea are briefly presented.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.271-281
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• 2014

Fluctuating wind conditions necessitate the use of a variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) with a AC/DC/AC converter scheme in order to harvest the maximum power from the wind and to decouple the synchronous generator voltage and frequency from the grid voltage and frequency. In this paper, a combination of a three phase diode bridge rectifier (DBR) and a modified topology of the diode clamped multilevel inverter (DCMLI) has been considered as an AC/DC/AC converter. A control strategy has been proposed for the DCMLI to achieve the objective of grid interface of a wind power system together with local load compensation. A novel fixed frequency current control method is proposed for the DCMLI based on the level shifted multi carrier PWM for achieving the required control objectives with equal and uniform switching frequency operation for better control and thermal management with the modified DCMLI. The condition of the controller gain is derived to ensure the operation of the DCMLI at the fixed frequency of the carrier. The converter current injected into the distribution grid is controlled in accordance with the wind power availability. In addition, load compensation is performed as an added facility in order to free the source currents being fed from the grid of harmonic distortion, unbalance and a low power factor even though the load may be unbalanced, non-linear and of a poor power factor. The results are validated using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation studies.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.27-35
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• 2011

The current cadastral surveying is used digital cadastral map. This map is no local confirmation. Besides, Base cadastral map drawn up 100 years ago. And Graphical cadastral characteristic is difficult to ground boundary points restoration. Due to the lack of ground boundary points can cause land dispute and Cadastral Non-Coincidence. In this Study, Understand the concept of accuracy and error, Analyzing the current regulations. Also Comparative analysis of current cadastral regulations and other surveying regulations to suggest improvements to the cadastral surveying. The results indicated a clear definition of accuracy and error and The installation of permanent ground boundary points are needed. Uniform and consistent reference point system is needed. In addition, the accuracy provided by the landowner should understand. Cadastral Surveying Regulations require specific and detailed procedures.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.167-172
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• 2008

We fabricated $YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-x}$(YBCO) films on (00l) $LaAlO_3$ substrates prepared by metal organic deposition(MOD) method using trifluoroacetate(TFA) solution. The films with various thicknesses were prepared by repeating the dip-coating and calcining processes. The effects of film thickness on phase formation, microstructures, and critical properties were evaluated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The microstructure and resultant critical current($I_C$) and critical current density($J_C$) varied remarkably with film thickness: The ($I_C$) value increased from 39 to 160 A/cm-width as the number of coatings increased from one to four, while the corresponding $J_C$ was measured to be in the range of $0.84-1.21\;MA/cm^2$. Both the $I_C$ and $J_C$ decreased when an additional coating was applied due to microstructural degradation, indicating that the optimum thickness is in the range of $1.1-1.8\;{\mu}m$. The possible cause for the decrease in the $I_C$ and $J_C$ value for film thicker than $1.8\;{\mu}m$ include non-uniform thickness, increased surface roughness, and the poor formability of the YBCO phase and texture arising from the insufficient heat treatment time with respect to the increased thickness.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.555-561
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• 2000

The remote field eddy current (RFEC) inspection was performed on the ductile cast iron pipes with nominal outer diameter of 100mm, which were machined with various shapes and sizes of defects. Ductile cast iron pipes which are used as water supply pipe have the non-uniform thickness and asymmetric cross section due to relatively high degree of allowable errors during the manufacturing processes. These characteristics of ductile cast in pipes cause the long range background noises in RFEC signals along the pipe. In this study, tile machined defects in pipes were effectively classified by the moving window average (MWA) method which eliminated the long-range noise. The voltage plane polar plots (VPPP) method was used to quantitatively evaluate the depth and circumferential degree of defects. The VPPP signatures showed that the angle between defect signature and the normalized in-phase component on the VPPP is linear to the depth of defects. The nondestructive RFEC technique proved to be capable of quantitatively evaluating the machined defects of underground water supply pipe.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.599-616
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• 2021

The semi-submersible with three circular columns is an original concept of efficient multifunctional platform, which can be used for marginal oil, gas field, and Floater of Wind Turbines (FOWT). However, under certain flow conditions, especially in uniform current with specific velocities, the eddies will alternatively form and drop behind columns, resulting in the fluctuating lift force and drag force. Consequently, the semi-submersible will subject to the Flow-Induced Motions (FIM). Based on the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) method, the numerical studies were carried out to understand the FIM characteristics of the three-column semi-submersible at two different parameters, i.e., current incidences (0°, 30°, and 60°-incidences) and reduced velocities (4 ≤ U_r ≤ 14). The results indicate that the lock-in range of 6 ≤ U_r ≤ 10 for the transverse motions is presented, and the largest transverse non-dimensional nominal amplitude is observed at 60°-incidence, with a value of A_y/D = 0:481. The largest yaw amplitude A_yaw is around 3.0° at 0°-incidence in the range of 8 ≤ U_r ≤ 12. The motion magnitude is basically the same as that of a four-column semi-submersible. However, smaller responses are presented compared to those of the three-column systems revealing the mitigation effect of the pontoon on FIM.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.2365-2372
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• 2011

The Cogging Torgue is non-uniform torgue in motor which causes noise and vibration to synchronous motors such as BLDC motor, and regardless of load current, is generated by the interaction between permanent magnet rotor and stator slot which is the force of tangential direction that tends to move into the position where the magnetic energy of motor system is minimal. such Cogging Torgue shall be considered in design stage since it is the main factor of motor's noise and vibration. Understanding that Cogging Torgue is generated by the interaction between relatively low stage harmonic flux density gab of permanent magnet rotor and steel slot of stator. This study proposes the method if reducing Cogging Torgue using response surface method which is a kind of design if experiment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.499-504
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• 2001

We evaluated the degree of texture through depth of the superconductor core of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O(BSCCO) superconductor tape. The degree of texture was characterized by pole figure analysis indicating that the degree of texture varied significantly with depth of the superconductor core. It was observed that the degree of texture was higher near the interface than inside the superconductor core. Specifically, as getting near to the center from the sheath/core interface, the orientation of BSCCO became dispersed from normal direction(ND) which, in turn, resulted in the degradation of <001>-fiber texture. In addition, the <001> texture was non-uniform an, better texture was developed along rolling direction(RD), compared to transverse direction(TD). Microstructural investigation showed that grain alignment was locally degraded by the existence of second phases. I was observed that larger grain size and better texturing were developed near the relatively straight interface compared to those inside the superconducting core. Based on our study, the region near the interface is thought to carry significant current compared to that inside the core.