• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.139-157
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• 2005

In rural area, as the source of family income is related with the agriculture works, the living condition of non-farming family used to be lower except some family groups with a little higher income. In order to find out the improvement in rural life, data about the health behavior and diet habits of non-farming family were observed. This study evaluated the health behavior and diet habits of non-farming families by comparing them with those of the farming families in rural area. The survey was made by trained interviewers and a total of 1,870 subjects from 9 provinces were questioned to collect the data through sampling probability proportional to size. The non-farming families were $29.6\%$ of the total and they were with no spouse($38\%$), low number of family members(2.86), and aged husband(66.8 years) or wife(58.5 years). $83.1\%$ of the non farming families were having breakfast however, $95.1\%$ of the farming families were doing it. And the number of side dishes in non farming families was low(1-2 kinds: $17.7\%$). Out of non farming families, $47.3\%$ took no nutritional supplements and out of the farming families it was 40.8 $\%$ With regard to having snacks, $22\%$ of non-farmers had snacks daily and it was greater than that of farmers($16.6\%$). But the ratio of non-snack taking of the non-farmers($29.6\%$) was higher than that of farmers($24.5\%$). The sorts of snacks also varied and for farmers it used to be fruit and noodles and for non-farmers it was bread and milk. Instant foods were often selected by $35.6\%$ of non-farmers. Dining out with a frequency of once per month was reported in $23.2\%$ of non-farming families, but $47.6\%$ of them did not dine out at all. In case of food production for family consumption, small portion of non-farmers cultivated pepper($13.3\%$), Korean cabbage ($16.2\%$), and sesame($6.2\%$) but almost all of the farmers cultivated such crops. However, non-farmers produced soybean sprouts($0.7\%$), soybean curd($0.2\%$), and eggs($7.2\%$) and it was compared with the fact that farmers produced soybean sprouts($9.7\%$), soybean curd ($4.6\%$), and eggs($5.1\%$). Non-farmers stocked the fermented foods: Doenjang ($57.8\%$), Kochujang ($56.1\%$), Kanjang ($53.6\%$), Kimchi ($77.9\%$) and Jangajji ($37.2\%$), and this ratios were smaller than those of farmers: Doenjang ($93.6\%$), Kochujang ($92.9\%$), Kanjang ($87.9\%$), Kimchi ($97.7\%$) and Jangajji ($66.7\%$). As to health behavior of the subjects, non-farmers had less medical examinations and bathing than farmers did. Non-farmers and their wives used public bath facilities more often and it may be due to the low condition of bathing facilities. And the ratio of daily alcohol consumption was $15\%$ and it was higher than that of the farmers. Most of the spouse of the farmers did not drink($78\%$), but the wives of the non-farmers were drinking more frequently. More farmers smoked than non-farmers and $45\%$ of male farmers were smokers.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.539-547
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• 2021

Indonesia is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world. The province of West Sulawesi is the second-largest palm oil producer in Indonesia. This study examines the contributions of oil palm farming to total household income and the factors affecting the household expenditure of oil palm smallholders in West Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study also identifies the problems related to oil palm production in the province. Primary data were collected from 174 oil palm smallholders using a standardized questionnaire in the Lariang sub-district, Pasangkayu, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Several statistical tools were employed to analyze the data. The study estimated the average household income of the smallholders at IDR 30,417,441 per year, out of which 85,8% comes from oil palm farming, followed by non-oil palm farming (8%) and off farming (6.2%). On the other hand, the average household expenditure was found to be IDR 23,476,069 per year which 66% goes for food consumption and 34% for non-food consumption. The findings revealed that household expenditure of the oil palm smallholders is strongly and positively affected by a number of factors such as household income, education level, family size, earning members in the family, number of children attending school, and amount of credit taken by the household.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.57-72
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• 2018

Organic agriculture seeks sustainable agriculture. Organic agriculture is based on circulating agriculture of a family farm unit. However, as of the end of 2016, only 33 out of the total organic farming farms were implementing Crop-Livestock cycling organic farming. The reason seems to be a matter of income after all. The optimal size combination refers to the scale by which family farms can maintain their quality of life while engaging in farming activities. In other words. it is a farm scale that maintains optimal income through stable labor costs. In the meantime, there has been no previous study on the optimal economical combination of Crop-Livestock cycling farming. Choi (2016) analyzed whether the economies of scope (EOS) were realized in the combined production by using the management data of the farmers who practiced Crop-Livestock cycling organic farming for four years. As a result, it has been revealed that the EOS measurement value is 0 or more so the economies of scope are being realized. Therefore, the purpose of this empirical analysis is to identify farm incomes under this circumstance. It is assumed that the optimum production is achieved by balancing the total income curve and the total cost curve in the optimal scale production range. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, the income after the conversion to Crop-Livestock cycling farming was 44,789,280 won, the sum of the seedling-livestock sector, which was 17,873,120 won higher when the non-Crop-Livestock cycling farming was assumed. The same is true for 2014 and 2015. The reason for this is that pig droppings were composted from organic seedlings, and the cost of selling pork was 150,000 won/per pig more expensive even though the manufacturing cost of organic feeds was higher than the purchasing cost. Secondly, this study simulated the result that the economic index varies when the farm size combination is changed by the farm size of 100% standard (S100) as of 2014. S130 is the increase in size from 100% of 2014, whereas S30 is the result of 3ha crop and 66 livestock (pigs). As a result of this simulation, Crop-Livestock cycling farming income decreased more than non-Crop-Livestock cycling farming as the farm size decreased, whereas the income decreased as the farm size increased. When the size was reduced below S50, the income tended to decrease. In this situation, EOS changed in the same direction. The results showed that when the farming size was reorganized and reduced to 50% compared to 2014, the income and income difference was the highest. At the same time, economies of scope (EOS) were the highest at 0.12985. In other words, it was found that the income of farm houses in a family farm unit sector was the best in the combination of 1.5ha crop agriculture and 110 livestock (pigs).

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.325-332
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• 2022

The aim of this research is to use a conceptual model to experimentally evaluate the mediating impact of government financial and training support on structural social capital and non-financial performance of family farms. Questionnaires were used to collect data from family farms in Guangxi, China, from August 25^th to September 8^th, 2021. There were 759 valid responses, accounting for 94.99 percent of the total number of respondents. The scales' reliability and validity, and the research's mediating effects and hypotheses, are tested using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 26.0. The findings suggest that the impact of government financial assistance on family farms' non-financial performance cannot be substantiated. The intermediary chain connection of financial and training support, on the other hand, has a significant mediating effect between structural social capital and family farm non-financial performance. Direct financial assistance could be thought to encourage family farms to rely too much on funding, making them less competitive in market competition, innovation, and long-term operations. According to the conclusions of the study, government assistance to family farms could take a variety of forms, including providing diversified skills training programs in farming practices, managerial skills, and other areas.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.79-94
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• 2023

This study aims at identifying the characteristics of various income earning activities conducted by small family farms, so-called pluriactivity, in Korea, Traditionally small farm households have been regarded in Korea as those who have not only very limited economic capability, but also very low status in rural society. However, in Europe, since the 1990s, there have been some researches found out the role of small farms in socio-economic development of rural regions. These tended to conclude that such various economic activities of small farms' may contribute to the development of rural region. Introducing the concept of pluriactivity from the European studies, this study carried out surveys and interviews with 38 small farm household in Chungnam region in terms of the fundamental reasons for pluriactivity and the impact on rural economies. The analysis revealed the main reason of pluriactivity could be the lack of income for family. Nevertheless, this study also identified another important reason of pluriactivity that small farms' desire to live in rural areas may drive them to do the pluriactivity. It may mean that farming could not be the main option for them to live in rural areas. In addition, it was confirmed that this pluriactivity has a positive impact on rural areas, such as landscape management, job creation, and cultural provision. Along with this, it was confirmed that there is a difference in pluriactivity characteristics according to age. It then necessary concludes that the rural development policy must consider the characteristics of farm households when they provide the support for farming and non-farming activities.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.63-81
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the changes of time series, the use by farm type and the causes of farm household debt. First, the mid and long term changes in farm household debt over the past 50 years have increased. Since 2010, the share of non-agricultural debt has exceeded the share of agricultural debt. Second, as a result of the analysis of the farm household debt use by farm type - full time&part time, farming type, land size, age, family members - there was a difference between the agricultural and the non-agricultural debt according to the type of farm household in a significant level of 1%. Finally, as a result of the cause analysis of the farm household debt, the related non-agricultural expenditure variables and the dummy variable of the manager's age, family member and land size has a common influence on the farm household debt increase.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.19-32
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of the organizational characteristic and workers characteristics of Family Business Organization on its Business Performance. The subjects of this study were workers of healthy family support centers and multicultural family support centers. A survey was conducted from July 30th to September 30th. A total 372 materials were used for analysis of final data and SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) WIN 18.0 program was employed in analyzing the collected data. As the result of analysing the effect of organizational characteristics and culture and characteristics of workers on business performance through hierarchical regression analysis, higher performance was achieved when the agency's organizational culture has the characteristics of a developed culture, and when the operating body is a school principal corporation rather than a non-profit corporation, and in the city rather than farming town, having enough information and external resources at the center, and when the job satisfaction of workers are high, and when organizational culture is more hierarchical. There were difference in the result of analysing the effect of organizational characteristic and culture and characteristic of workers on business performance. The level of service and business value of Family Service Organization was higher when the agency's organizational culture has the characteristics of a developed culture, hierarchical culture and agreement culture, and when operating body is a school principal corporation rather than a non-profit corporation, having enough information and external resources at the center, and the administrative skills of workers are higher. Business volume is increased when the operating body is a school principal corporation rather than a non-profit corporation, and in the city rather than farming town, and when the agency's organizational culture has the characteristics of hierarchical culture and agreement culture, having enough external resources at the center, and the practicing ability of workers are higher. When it comes to business efficiency, it is increased when the agency's organizational culture has the characteristics of developed culture and the job satisfaction of workers are high, having enough external and financial resources at the center. Therefore we will need to enhance business performance through improved management and job satisfaction of employees in organizational culture.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.367-386
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• 2020

The significance of this study was to analyze the quality value of organic livestock pork for the first time based on the results of managing and testing the cycling organic farming of black pork and vegetables within farm for two years. The results of analysis could be summarized as follows. First, the pork of experimental group with crop-livestock cycling farming showed the excellent quality and high consumer preference compared to the control group of general pork or pork from non-crop-livestock cycling organic farming. In the content ratio of Omega-3 as a representative essential fatty acid, it was 1.46 that was about 2.8 times more than general pork (0.52). In case of Omega-6, it had about 2.5 times more than general pork. Especially, the U/S ratio value which was the content ratio of Unsaturated Fatty Acid (UFA, U) of Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA, S), was largely shown in pork (2.93) from cycling organic farming. Second, it would be necessary to maintain the economies of scope shown in crop-livestock cycling organic farming, and the high quality value of livestock products. For this, there should be a value chain model that could realize the economies of scope and economies of scale at the same time based on scaling and diversification through cooperative organization between farmers. Through this, it would be possible to establish a cycling model called 'community cooperative agriculture' by forming local internal markets through cooperation of production-processing and integration of distribution-sale-consumption. For the managerial activation of this cooperative organization, the government should promote/support the small crop-livestock cycling organic farming cooperative organization in local unit. For securing the reliability of crop-livestock cycling organic agricultural products and crop-livestock cycling organic livestock products, it would be necessary to review the introduction of Participatory Guarantee System (PGS).

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.97-109
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• 1980

In Korea, the collapse of traditional Patriarchal family system has caused the weakening the patriarchal authority which represents the decrease of traditional attitude of respect for old age, influenced by the strong tendency of Materialism in ethics. The urgent problem is how to solve the conflicts of the alienation almost every old people has felt from the society and family which they belong to and how to harmonize the respect for old age who used to have had in the past. From 21st to 30th of July 1979, I explored the small village in Cheju Island with eight students which I selected on purpose that village had preserved the traditionalism. I collected the interview data form a sample of 221 persons of the village in Cheju Island. I studied this small village in Cheju Island for the intention of suggesting the ideal model of regional society which both traditional and non-formal, although the phenomena of nuclear family system and materialism and industrialism are overwhelming in ur present society. Generally people in Cheju Island are economically poor and major occupation is farming, since the industrialization proceeds very slowly and there still strongly remains the traditionalism. Alienation and dissatisfaction of old people from their family and society in Cheju island are less common in comparison to the main land. Old people in Cheju Island usually value the importance of labour. Divison of labour has been well observed in farming, and men and women in Cheju island are equally regarded in comparison to the main land. Old people are independent economically and spiritually from their offsprings and they organize the nuclear family system firmly. Also the old generation is ready to compromise with the new generation and they defy the authoritariansim.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.543-550
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• 2021

The purpose of the study is to investigate the simulated effects of the Philippine tax reform, which is called Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law, on household income and occupational choice. The study utilized the Family Income Expenditure Survey and tax collection as input to Computable General Equilibrium-Top Down Behavioral Microsimulation approach to determine the effect of Philippine tax reform on household income and occupational choice. The results of the study show that the household income in the Philippines will increase due to the implementation of the Philippine tax reform. Also, the study had found that tax reform results drive the household to shift from being farming entrepreneur to salaried workers since the utility derived from being workers is much higher compared to the utility derived from being entrepreneur. The findings of this research suggest that the Philippine Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law is beneficial to the household since their income would increase, which will further result to an increase in their capability to buy goods and services. However, the tax reform would also lead to imbalance between the distribution of numbers of workers across sectors such as entrepreneurial farming, entrepreneurial non-farming, and wage sector.