• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.54-59
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• 2007

Background: Selective transforaminal epidural block (STEB) has showen effectiveness as a diagnostic and therapeutic option for the management of patients with low back pain or sciatica. This study was carried out in order to determine the short-term effects and prognostic factors associated with STEB in patients with low back pain or sciatica. Methods: Ninety-seven patients were selectedfor participation in this study. Their diagnosis were based werewason the clinical symptoms and MRI findings. We performed STEB under fluoroscopic guidance and injected 3 ml of radio opaque dye in order to confirm the technical success of the procedure. We then injected 20 mg of triamcinolone mixed into 3 ml of 0.5% mepivacaine. One month later, we classified the patient outcomes as excellent, good, moderate or poor, according to the degree of reduction in VAS score from baseline. The independent variables assessed included symptom duration, block level, number of blocks, primary diagnosis, prior caudal block, anterior epidural space filling of dye, medication history, demographic data, radiating pain, back surgery and spondylolisthesis. Results: At a mean follow-up period of 1 month after STEB, excellent results were noted in the patients diagnosed with herniated lumbar disc (70%), non-specific spondylosis (54%), spinal stenosis (44%), and failed back syndrome (28%). The patients with epidural adhesion and combined spondylolisthesis were associated with poorer outcomes. Combined caudal block, symptom duration and the extent of epidural spread of the drug were not related to the effectiveness of the treatment. Conclusions: Selective transforaminal epidural block is effective in treating patients with radiculopathy, such as herniated lumbar disc, but it isrelatively ineffective in treating patients with structural deformities, such as failed back syndrome and spondylolisthesis.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.99-115
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• 2011

Korean Oriental Medicine has experienced the fluctuation of its status since modernization started. At the beginning of the modernization, Korean Oriental Medicine faced the crisis of disappearance and, nowadays, its status has risen to the very important position in the medical system of Korea. Korean Oriental Medical doctors have obtained the position of medical profession and enjoyed the exclusive privileges. The study on the status of Korean Oriental Medicine is an interesting subject field in the sense that the empirical research on the social factors concerning the status fluctuation of medical profession in non-western world can be done. Few studies on the social status of Korean Oriental Medicine have been found so far in spite of its ample implication of the subject. This paper conducted the questionnaire survey in order to investigate the views of Korean Oriental Medical doctors about the status of Korean Oriental medicine, factors for the improvement of its status, and the cultivating methods of Korean Oriental Medicine. Depending on the demographic features of Korean Oriental Medical doctors, first, the attitude toward the status of Korean Oriental Medicine was analyzed. The criteria to be investigated were the present and future status of Korean Oriental Medicine. Second, the items for the status improvement of Korean Oriental Medicine was analyzed under the criteria of specialization and scientific movement of Korean Oriental Medicine. Third, the stance of Korean Oriental Medical doctors on the cultivating methods of Korean Oriental Medicine was analyzed under the criteria of the level of awareness of and attitude toward Korean Oriental Medicine.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.61-73
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• 2023

Objectives: Prophylactic vaccines against high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) hold promise to prevent the development of higher grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2+) and cervical cancer (CC) that develop due to HR-HPV genotypes that are included in HPV vaccines, but women will continue to develop CIN 2+ and CC due to HR-HPV genotypes that are not included in the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (qHPV) and 9-valent HPV vaccine (9VHPV). Thus, the current vaccines are likely to decrease but not entirely prevent the development of CIN 2+ or CC. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of CIN 2+ that develop due to HR-HPVs not included in vaccines. Methods: Study population consisted of 1476 women tested for 37 HPVs and known to be negative for qHPVs (6/11/16/18, group A, n = 811) or 9VHPVs (6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58, group B, n = 331), but positive for other HR-HPVs. Regression models were used to determine the association between plasma concentrations of micronutrients, socio-demographic, lifestyle factors and risk of CIN 2+ due to HR-HPVs that are not included in vaccines. Results: The prevalence of infections with HPV 31, 33, 35 and 58 that contributed to CIN 2+ differed by race. In group A, African American (AA) women and current smokers were more likely to have CIN 2 (OR = 1.76, P = 0.032 and 1.79, P = 0.016, respectively) while in both groups of A and B, those with higher vitamin B12 were less likely to have similar lesions (OR = 0.62, P = 0.036 and 0.45, P = 0.035, respectively). Conclusions: We identified vitamin B12 status and smoking as independent modifiable factors and ethnicity as a factor that needs attention to reduce the risk of developing CIN 2+ in the post vaccination era. Continuation of tailored screening programs combined with non-vaccine-based approaches are needed to manage the residual risk of developing HPV-related CIN 2+ and CC in vaccinated women.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.47-67
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• 2023

Objectives : The objective of this study is to examine the findings of a survey assessing the treatment and management status of individuals with diabetes and pre-diabetes, along with their inclination to participate in the Korean Medicine Chronic Disease Management Program. Methods : The survey focused on individuals with diabetes and pre-diabetes, gathering information on respondents' demographic details, diabetes diagnosis, duration of diabetes, attitudes and experiences regarding Korean medicine diabetes treatment, and their willingness to participate in the 'Korean Medicine Chronic Disease Management Program'. Results : 33.1% of participants reported prior experience with Korean medicine treatment for diabetes. The intention to actively utilize Korean medicine treatment was positively observed, with a response rate of 61.1% expressing a favorable inclination and 8.9% indicating a negative stance. Furthermore, 75.3% of patients expressed their intention to participate in the 'Korean Medicine Chronic Disease Management Program' in the future. Among those expressing this intention, 81.4% stated a preference for the 'Korean-Western medicine combined management' in the chronic disease management Program. Conclusions : Patients' willingness to participate in 'Korean Medicine Diabetes Management Program' is high, but lack of information about Korean medicine is a factor that deprives people of the opportunity to experience Korean medicine treatment, and non-medical factors such as difficulty in visiting and administrative complexity are factors that impede participation in the 'Korean Medicine Chronic Disease Management Program'. It should be considered for improvement when formulating policies.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.448-455
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A growing body of research has indicated that night eating could be associated with poor diet quality and negative health outcomes. This study examined the nutritional aspects of night eating, its related factors, and the association between night eating and body weight among Korean adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study analysed the data from a one day 24-hour dietary recall as well as a demographic survey of 1,738 Korean adolescents aged 12 to 18-years-old obtained from the 2010-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 'Night eating' was defined as consuming 25% or more of one's daily energy intake between 21:00 and 06:00. Subjects complying with the preceding condition were classified as 'night eaters', whereas the rest were considered 'non-night eaters'. Logistic regression analysis examined factors related to night eating. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between night eating and BMI z-scores, whereas multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between night eating and weight status. RESULTS: About 21% of Korean adolescents appeared to be night eaters. Night eaters showed increased breakfast skipping (P = 0.001), higher energy intake from snacks (P < 0.001), greater proportion of energy intake from fat (P = 0.029), and lower Dietary Diversity Scores (P = 0.008) than non-night eaters. Male adolescents presented 1.9 times higher odds of being night eaters than females. Adolescents whose both parents were night eaters were 4.4 times as likely to be night eaters as those whose neither parents were. Female adolescents showed a significant relationship between night eating and BMI z-scores (${\beta}=0.28$, P = 0.004). However, night eating did not increase odds of being overweight or obese in adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Night eating in Korean adolescents was related to undesirable dietary behaviours and low diet quality in general as well as higher BMI z-scores in females. Male gender and parental night eating appeared to be the factors that significantly increased odds of night eating. These results suggest that night eating should be considered when designing nutrition education or intervention programs targeting adolescents.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.203-212
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• 2019

Objective: A total of five students at same middle school were reported to be diagnosed with pediatric leukemia (n=2), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL, n=1) and aplastic anemia (n=2) between 2016 and 2017. The aims of this study are to assess exposure to environmental hazardous agents known to be associated with the risk of leukemia and to examine whether the environment of school is associated with the risk leukemia. Method: A total of 11 environmental agents causing childhood leukemia were monitored using international certified method in schools where patients had ever attended. Radon & Thoron detector was used to monitor real-time airborne radon and thoron level ($Bq/m^3$). Clinician interviewed two among nine patients who agreed to participate in this study in order to examine the association of demographic and genetic factors by individually. Leukemia, NHL, and aplastic anemia were grouped into lymphohematopoietic disorder (LHP). Results: Except for airborne radon level, no environmental agents in school and household where patients may be exposed were found to higher than recommended airborne level. Clinical investigation found no individual factors that may be associated with the risk of LHP. Higher airborne radon level than Korea EPA's airborne radon criteria ($148Bq/m^3$) was monitored at most of several after-class room of one elementary school, where two leukemia patients graduated. Significant radon level was not monitored at class-room. Significant exposure to radon of patients was not estimated based on time-activity pattern. Conclusions: Our results have concluded that there have been no environmental factors in school and household environment that may be associated the risk of LHP.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.59-69
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• 2010

绿色环保或者环境意识已经成为商业、政府机关, 以及消费者和世界关注的重要问题. 针对这一情况, 韩国政府宣布, 在本世纪初, "环保建设" 将被作为一种用以鼓励与环保相关的商业活动的方式. 不同层次的韩国服装业, 提出了不同的产品环保的绿色计划. 这些服装产品包括有机产品和回收的衣服. 要想使这些公司成功, 他们需要那些, 在做产品购买,使用, 处置时, 将绿色问题(如环境的可持续性发展)作为一个人判断的一个组成部分的顾客的信息. 这些消费者可以被看成是生态学的关注者. 过去的研究已经对消费者对于环保产品的购买意愿进行了检测. 此外, 还研究了影响生态保护者或绿色消费者的因素. 但是, 只是关注生态保护者在处置或者回收利用衣服上与采购绿色产品相比较是不够的. 服装处置行为有多种途径, 消费者可以用淘汰, 传承(例如: 把它送给一个年幼的弟弟), 赠与, 交换, 出售或者简单的把他扔掉等多种方式来暂时或者永久的摆脱闲置的衣服或贷款项目. 因此, 购买环保产品的行为应该结合服装处置的行为, 从而进一步了解消费者的消费行为与对环境的态度. 本项研究的目的在于提供韩国生态保护者从有利于生态学的角度出发来购买和处理衣服的生活方式的相关信息. 本研究的目标有: 1, 基于韩国对服装处置行为进行分类; 2, 调查人 们人口统计数据, 生活方式和服装消费价值观赏的差异; 3, 在环保的时尚物品的购买意愿和影响因素之间进行比较. 自填式的调查问卷是基于以往的研究设置出来的. 问卷包括10项处置衣服的条款, 22项可持续并且健康的生活方式的条款, 以及19项消费观念的条款. 根据利克特模板的五分量表设置. 此外, 购买两个时尚物品的意愿和每个物品属性的11项特征都是根据利克特模板的七分量表而来, 两种制成羊毛套衫的可以从PET识别代码的回收瓶子中创造出来的涤纶织物这两种套衫选自一个韩国和一个美国的户外运动服装的品牌. 我们对每一种产品的简介和颜色都进行了调查, 人口统计学(即性别, 年龄, 婚姻状况, 教育程度, 收入, 职业)也被包括在内. 在2009年5月份, 研究数据通过一个专业网站的调查机构进行采集, 最后有600份调查问卷可供分析, 这个调查的受访者年龄从20到49岁不等, 平均年龄为34岁. 百分之50的调查者为男性, 大约58%的受访者是已婚者, 其中62%的受访者有大学学位. 主要成分分析和因素最大方法差的方法用以识别衣服处理规模的潜在尺度. 共有三个因素生成(比如: 倒卖行为, 捐赠行为, 不回收利用行为). 基于他们处置衣服的方式对受访者进行了分类, 群类分析被使用, 最终得到了三个部分. 不同的消费者, 被分别贴上 "转售集团", "捐资团体" 以及 "不回收组织" 的标签加以分类, 其中98%是正确的分类. 从人口统计学角度来看, 这三个类别的人在性别, 婚姻状况, 职业和年龄上有显著的差异. 健康可持续的生活方式被缩减为以下5个因素: 自我满意度, 家庭定位, 健康问题, 环境问题和自愿的服务. 这是三个群体中健康可持续的生活方式的最显著的差异. 转售集团和捐赠组表现出在健康可持续的生活方式上的相同倾向, 同时, 不回收集团在生活方式方面呈现最低的平均值. 转售和捐赠团体自称享受和满意这种生活和消费方式, 并且能够利用空余的时间陪伴家人. 另外, 这两组的人关心健康和有机食品, 并试图保护能源和资源. 对服装消费的价值观产生主要影响的三个因素是: 个人价值, 社会价值和实用价值. 因素的方差测试表明转售集团和其他两组之间的因素差异最大. 转售集团相比其他价值更关注个人价值和社会价值. 相比之下, 非回收集团比捐赠集团更关注高层次的社会价值. 比较购买环保产品的意愿上, 转售集团表现出最高的购买A类产品的意愿. 另一方面, 捐赠集团则在小市场中表现出购买B类产品的最高意愿. 此外, 平均分数表明, 购买韩国的产品(B类产品)相比购买美国的产品(A类产品)更合韩国人的心意. 多元线性回归分析法确定了对环保产品的购买的意愿对制造业产品属性的影响. 产品的设计, 价格, 贡献, 对环境的保护, 价格, 兼容性是影响转售集团的显著因素, 另外, 以及对自身形象的影响是捐赠团体的重要因素. 对于非回收集团来说, 设计, 价格等因素是相同的, 自我的形象,对环保运动的贡献, 和环境保护也是很重要的. 而价格因素具有显著性的共通性. 对于B类产品来说, 设计, 合理的价格, 形象等因素是同等的重要, 但是不同的组对购买的特征和意愿有不同的倾向. 健康可持续的生活方式以及服装消费的意向对购买A类产品和B类产品的影响同样被我们所关注. 实际操作者的健康状况和个人价值都是影响购买意愿的重要因素; 然而, 在这三个群体中说服的力度都很低. 结果表明, 分类出来的每组处理服装的行为, 显示着不同服装产品的属性, 个人价值, 和实践者的特点, 这些都影响了他们的购买环保产品的意愿, 结果会使生态保护者提出并组织更合理的生态设计的战略决策.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.405-417
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• 2015

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between physical factors, working conditions and occupational injuries among Korean workers. Methods: We used data from the 2nd Korean Working Conditions Survey, conducted in 2010. A total of 7,114 workers over 15 years of age were selected from among 10,019 Korean workers. The participants were interviewed using questionnaires. A multiple logistic regression model was used to analyze the associations among physical factors, working conditions and occupational injuries. Results: After the adjustment of socio-demographic factors, the odds ratio of injuries through physical factors such as vibration (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 4.037, 95% CI 2.30-7.09), noise (aOR 4.562, 95% CI 2.64-7.89), high temperature (aOR 3.262, 95% CI 1.86-5.73), and low temperature (aOR 3.358, 95% CI 1.76-6.41) were greater in the exposed group than in the non-exposed group. The odds ratios of occupational injury(aOR 5.272, 95% CI 3.19-8.7 for very high speed work, aOR 3.303, 95% CI 1.95-5.60 for tight deadlines, and aOR 3.641, 95% CI 1.72-7.70 for not enough time to work) increased with increased work demands. Conclusions: In this study, physical factors such as vibration, noise, and high and low temperatures were significantly correlated with occupational injuries according to the increase in exposure intensity(p for trend <0.001). Also, working conditions such as high-speed work, tight deadlines and insufficient time to work showed significant associations with occupational injuries(p for trend<0.001).

• 대한간호
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.49-65
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• 1991

This study was carried out to assess the problems with the pregnant women, and check out the risk-factors in the high-risk pregnancies, using a simplified antepartum risk-scoring system, which was revised from Edwards' scoring system to be suitable for Korean situaition. This instrument was included 4 categories, demographic, obstetric, medical and miscellaneous factors. This survey was based on the 1300 pregnant women who were admitted, $x^2$-test, F-test, Pearsons correation, using statistical package SAS in NAS computer system, KIST. The results of the study were as follows; 1. 1313 infants were deliveried of these 560 infants(42.7%) were born to mothers with risk-scores > 7, and 753 infants(57.3%) were born to mothers risk-scores <7. 2. Maternal age" parity, education level, of the demographic factors were significant relation statistically to identify the high risk pregnancies($X^2$=20.88, 42.87, 15.60 P < 0.01). 3. C-section, post term, incompetent cervix, uterine anomaly, polyhydramnios, congenital anomaly, sensitized RH negative, abortion, preeclampsia, excessive size infant, premature, low birth weight infanl, abnormal presentation, perinatal loss, multiple pregnancy, of the obstetric factors were significant relation statistically to identify the high risk-pregnancies. ($X^2$ = 175.96, 87.5, 16.28, 21.78, 9.46, 8. 10, 6.75, 22.9, 64.84, 6.93, 361.43, 185.55, 78.65, 45.52, P < 0.01). 4. Abnormal nutrition, anemia, UTI, other medicalcondition(pulmonary disease, severe influenza), heart disease, V.D., of the miscellaneous and medical factors, were significant relation statistically to identify the high risk-pregnancies. 5. Premature, low birth weight infant, contracted pelvis, abnormal presentation, of the risk factors were significantly related with Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after birth and neonatal body weight. 6. Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after, birth and neonatal body weight were significantly negative correlated with risk-score. 7. There were statistically significant difference between risk-score and Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after birth, 3 group(0-3, 4-6, above 7), and neonatal body weight, 2 group(below 2.5kg, the other group) (F=104.65, 96.61, 284.92, P<0.01). 8. Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after birth(below 7), and neonatal body weight(below 2.5kg), were significant relation statistically with risk score.($x^2$=65.99, 60.88, 177.07, P<0.01) were 60.8 %, 60% . 9. Correct classifications of morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score < 7) were 77.8%, 83.8% and that of nonmorbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score > 7) were 60.8%, 60%. 10. There were statistically significant difference between dislribution of maternal risk-score among the morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score < 7) and non morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score> 7) ($x^2$=64.8, 58.8, P < 0.001). 11. There were statistically significant difference between distribution of morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score < 7) and fetal death. 12. The predictivity for classifying high.risk cases was 12 % and for classifying low-risk cases was 98.3 % in 5 minute Apgar score. Suggestions for further studies are as follows; 1. Contineous prospective studies, using this newly revised scoring system are strongly recommended in the stetric service. 2. Besides risk facto~s used in this study, assessmenl of risks by factors in another scoring system and paralled studies related to perinatal outcome are strongly recommended.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the proportion of admission via the emergency room(the rest is ER) in an emergency medical center and to examine the factors related to admission. Methods : This study used 2005 National Health Insurance claims data for admitted patients of 112 hospitals having emergency medical centers in Korea. The study sample had 2,335,610 patients. The data was classified into emergency admission and non-emergency admission. To investigate the factors affecting the type of admission, the following were included as independent variables: type of health assurance_(national health insurance beneficiaries or medical aid beneficiaries), demographic characteristics_ (sex, age), cause of admission_ (disease or injury), whether an operation was performed or not, DRG severity level, the number of beds, and the location of the hospital. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test for the differences in emergency admission rates for each variables, and multiple logistic regression analysis was used for identifying the factors affecting admission type. Results : The proportion of admission via the ER accounted for 40.6% of the total admission among hospitals having emergency medical centers. The risk of admission via ER was relatively high for patients who were male, the aged, the injured, the surgical patients, the patients having more severe symptoms, and the patients admitted the hospitals located in metropolitan areas, and the patients admitted the hospitals having 300-699 beds. Medical aid patients were more likely admitted through the emergency room than health insurance patients after other variables ware adjusted. Conclusions and Discussion : We analyzed the proportion of admission via the ER for the total admission rate of hospitals having an emergency medical center in Korea. And we explored the factors related to admission via the ER. This proportion may be used as an indicator of the adequacy of medical utilization or low accessibility to hospitals of patients with low socioeconomic status.