• 보건교육건강증진학회지
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.173-193
• /
• 2005

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the peer group factor related to adolescent smoking in the social structure(network) of adolescent groups, by applying the theory of social network. Methods: The data was collected from boy students of one high school located in Gun-Po city of Kyonggi Province. The total number of the sample was 605(223 first grade, 198 second grade, 184 third grade). The survey using the questionnaire was carried out in April 2005. Social position is finally classified as clique member, liaison, isolate group by using the NetMiner II 2.5 version. Results: The current smoking rate was 15.0%, and the life-time smoking rate was 34.9%. The smoking rate increased significantly, as the grade went up. And it was significantly high among the group having smoking friends. The logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio of the smoking friends group was about 4 times higher than the no smoking friends group in experience of smoking. But the smoking rate was higher significantly in the isolate group within the network composed of 2. person's social-link. The odds ratio of the isolate group was about 4.5 times higher than the clique member. However, this pattern was not found in the network composed of 3 person's social-link. Therefore, the hypothesis that clique member would have a correlation with smoking was rejected. In reality, the isolate group had a tendency of smoking more frequently. Conclusions: The result of this study suggests that the role of the peer group in smoking is to be considered in the prevention program. More attentions should be paid for the isolate group.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.1159-1164
• /
• 2015

Background: The prevalence of smoking among secondary school children continues to remain unchanged over the last 3 decades even though awareness regarding the health effects of smoking is increasing. Common misconceptions about smoking and parental influence could be factors influencing future intentions to smoke among these students. Hence, we looked at the common misconceptions as well as student perceptions about their future intention to smoke among Form 4 students in Shah Alam, Malaysia. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted by distribution of a questionnaire developed as part of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey to Form 4 student in 3 schools at Shah Alam. Results: Prevalence of smoking (current smokers) was 7.5%. Almost half of the children came from families where one or both parents smoked and a third of the parents had no discussion regarding consequences of smoking with them. A large number of students were classified as "triers" as they had tried smoking and were unsure of whether they would not be smoking in the future. Contrary to our expectations, students generally felt smoking did make one feel more uncomfortable and helped one to reduce body weight. Most students seemed to be aware of the ill-effects of smoking on health. They felt they had received adequate information from school regarding the effects on smoking on health. Conclusions: Our study showed that even though Form 4 students in Shah Alam were knowledgeable about ill-effects of smoking and were taught so as part of their school curriculum, the prevalence of smoking was still high. Students in the "trier group" represent a potential group of future smokers and strategies targeting tobacco control may be aimed at tackling these vulnerable individuals. Efforts are also needed to help educate secondary school children about common misconceptions and dispel myths associated with cigarette smoking.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.805-810
• /
• 2013

Increasing the rate of smoking cessation will reduce the burden of diseases related to smoking, including cancer. Understanding the process of smoking cessation is a pre-requisite to planning and developing effective programs to enhance the rate of smoking cessation.The aims of the study were to determine the demographic distribution of smokers across the initial stages of smoking cessation (the pre-contemplation and contemplation stages) and to identify the predictors of smoking cessation among Malaysian adult smokers. Data were extracted from a population-based, cross-sectional survey carried out from April 2006 to July 2006. The distribution of 2,716,743 current smokers across the pre-contemplation stage (no intention to quit smoking in the next six months) or contemplation stage (intended to quit smoking in the next six months) was described. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between socio-demographic variables and the stages of smoking cessation. Of the 2,716,743 current smokers, approximately 30% and 70% were in the pre-contemplative and contemplative stages of smoking cessation respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that male gender, low education level, older age group, married and those from higher income group and number of cigarettes smoked were associated with higher likelihood of pre-contemplation to cease smoking in the next six months. The majority of current smokers in Malaysia were in the contemplative stage of smoking cessation. Specific interventions should be implemented to ensure the pre-contemplative smokers proceed to the contemplative stage and eventually to the preparation stage.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.2615-2619
• /
• 2013

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of perceived parental attitudes on children's discernment of cigarettes. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 250 children attending grades 6, 7 and 8. Data were collected via a socio-demographic survey questionnaire, the Parental Attitude Scale (PAS) and the Decisional Balance Scale (DBS). Data analysis covered percentages, medians, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests using a statistical package. Results: There were 250 participants; 117 were male, 133 were female. The mean age was $13.1{\pm}0.98$ for the females and $13.3{\pm}0.88$ for the males. A statistically significant difference was found in the children's mean scores for 'pros' subscale on the Decisional Balance Scale (DBS) according to perceived parental attitudes (F=3.172, p=0.025). There were no statistically significant differences in the DBS 'cons' subscale scores by perceived parental attitudes. Conclusions: It was determined that while perceived parental attitudes affect children's views on advantages of smoking, they have no effect on children's views on its disadvantages.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.290-299
• /
• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate drinking smoking exercise and environmental characteristics and it's risk factors for hypercholesterolemia (HC) in Korean. 344 adult men who took the annual health check-ups at D or J hospitals were participated in this corss-sectional study. The subjects were grouped by plasma total cholesterol level into three groups: normal cholesterolemic(n=139) borderline hyper-cholesterolemic (n=93) and hypercholesterolemic (n-112) groups. The data of plasma cholesterol level in the subjects were collected from medical records. Drinking smoking and exercise habits family and disease history personality type and stress level of subjects were investigated by using questionaries. The subjects with HC had longer drinking duration and drunk more frequently. The proportion of smok-er heavy smoker($\geq$2pack/day) and longer smoker ($\geq$30yrs) showed high in the HC but there were no significancy. The subjects with HC had preference for light exercise and exercised more frequently but there were no significant difference. The family history of cardiovascular diseases was higher in the were not different among the three groups. The relative risks on HC were 1.33 for family history, 1.22 for severe stress 1.06 for smoking and 1.04 for exercise.

• 식품보건융합연구
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2019

Smoking has become one of the public health harzard affecting the world. In the UK, smoking is responsible for around one in five deaths. The illnesses caused by smoking extend beyond the well-reported links with cancer, heart disease and respiratory illnesses. Hence the research to determine the awareness of the predisposing factor to smoking among adults in sokoto metropolis. A cross-sectional form of descriptive survey research design was used for this study. This is because descriptive studies are used when the characteristics of a population are either unknown or partially known (Hennekens & Buring, 2007), and it was used by Ganley and Rosario (2013) in a related research this justified the use of similar design in a study of similar nature.Two hundred and seventy returned questionnaire was collected, analyzed using descriptive statistic of frequency count, normative percentage and grand mean; as well as inferential statistics of chi-square (${\chi}^2$). The level of significant was fixed at 0.05. Appropriate degrees of freedom were worked out. There was statistical significant influence or relationship with marital status on the predisposing factors of smoking chi-square of 19716.516 greater than the critical value 43.77297at df 30 p<0.05. There were statistical significance chi-square =27468.348 which is greater than the critical value 43.77297 at df= 30. These show that there is a relationship on gender awareness of predisposing factors to smoking rejecting the null hypotheses. The respondents across different lever/year higher institution shows that the awareness of predisposing factors of smoking there were a statistical significance difference chi-square =7168.429 (df=88) greater than critical value 102.342 rejecting the null hypotheses. There is consistent evidence that links exposure to depictions of smoking in movies and initiation of smoking in young people. Over the years television shows and films have effectively built up associations between smoking and glamour, sex and risk-taking. Social learning theory describes how we learn by example from others. We are strongly influenced by our parents, and other people we look up to, such as peers, actors and pop stars. This can lead us to emulate their behaviour and try smoking.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.45-52
• /
• 2002

This study was intended to observe the relationship of pain alleviation between the group with needle electrode electrical stimulation applied on bach of head, lung, nasalis internae, shen-men, pharynx & larynx, and internal secretion which are the pants to regulate smoking and that, with no treatment of the kind among smokers and con-smokers with chronic low back pain. It also aimed to conduct a research of applying different treatment methods according to smoking, thus ultimately providing basic data needed by clinic therapists and to help achieve appropriate treatment effects considering the characteristics of each patient. The subject criteria were men who were in their 40's or 50's, smoking or non-smoking and came to the physical therapy of the hospital to cure the chronic low back pain which had lasted more than three months. The total 24 subjects were randomly divided into four groups according to smoking; the group of smokers with needle electrode electrical stimulation applied, that of smokers with no application of such treatment, that of non-smokers with the action of such treatment, and that of non-smokers with no application of such treatment Each group was measured in terms of four pain assessment methods of visual analogue scale(VAS), verbal rating scale(VRS), McGil pain questionnaire(MPQ), endorphin. And the results were as follows: 1. In terms of the effects of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy on pain had by the smokers with low back pain, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and endorphin 1 between before and after the treatment. 2. In terms of the pain effects had by the smokers with low back pain when no needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy was applied, there was a statistical significance in VRS and MPQ between before and after the treatment. 3. In terms of the effects of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy on pain had by the non-smokers with low back pain, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and MPQ between before and after the treatment. In terms of the pain effects had by the non-smokers with low back pain when no needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular was applied, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and MPQ between before and after the treatment. 5. The smokers with low back pain were given the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy to see how it affected their pain. There was found pain reduction in number, but no statistical significance. 6. The subject suffering from low back pain were given the needle electrode electrical stimulation to see how it affected their pain according to smoking. There was found pain reduction in number, but no statistical significance. Based upon the results, it can be concluded that smokers with low back pain received the more effects of pain alleviation from the application of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy compared to the rest of the groups who suffered from low back pain.

• 성인간호학회지
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.219-229
• /
• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 8 weeks smoking cessation program(SCP) developed by researchers. Method: One group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The subjects were 88 male university students who consented to participate in the 8 weeks SCP. The SCP in this study consisted of a stop-smoking class, e-mail, SMS(short message service), cellular phone, internet cafe, displayed panel, and patch or acupuncture for quitting smoking. Korean version of questionnaire for nicotine dependency by Ahn et al.(2002), the smoking self-efficacy scale translated by Choi(1999) and subjects' opinion about the SCP were measured. The data were analyzed by using frequency, Chi-Square test, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS WIN 10.1 Program. Results: 1) The rate of quitting smoking was 31.8% after 8 weeks SCP. 2) There was no significant decrease in the nicotine dependency score among smoking subjects after SCP. 3) There was a significant increase in self-efficacy after SCP. The mean score of self -efficacy in the quitting smoking group increased significantly, but did not significantly change in the smoking group. 4) The stop-smoking class was the most helpful among contents of the SCP. Contents of the SCP except for internet cafe were useful for quitting smoking in this study. Conclusion: The above results indicated that the 8 weeks SCP would be a helpful intervention to quit smoking for male university students.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.167-178
• /
• 2000

The effect of oral vitamin e (800IU/day) and C (500mg/day) supplementation for 10 days and/or smoking cessation for 5 days on oxidative damage to the red blood cells (RBC) of male smokers (22.2$\pm$0.2 years old) was studied. RBC were tested for their ability to protect against smoking-induced oxidative damage by measuring heme proteins (carboxyhemoglobin, hemoglobin, methemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin), hemolysis and thiobarbiturinc acid reactive substances (TBARS). Plasma levels of vitamin c, A, E, $\beta$-catotene, total cholesterol, glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) were also analyzed. In experiment one, a comparison was made of heme proteins and lipid damage to RBC, plasma antioxidant status (indexed by plasma levels of vitamin C, E, A and $\beta$-carotene) between smokers(n=56) and non-smokers (n=16). No differences were found in plasma antioxidant status, heme protein damage and TBARS concentration of RBC. In experiment two, 46 fasting male smokers from experiment one were divided into 4 groups. The groups were smoking with placebo group(SP, n=14), smoking cessation with vitamins supplementatin group (SV, n=13), smoking cessation with placebo group (NSP, n=9) and smoking cessation with vitamins supplementation group (NSV, n=10). After supplementing antioxidant vitamins, significant increases were seen in plasma vitamins supplementation group (NSV, n=10). After supplementing antioxidant vitamins, significant increases were seen plasma vitamin C (p<0.05) and vitamin E levels (p<0.05). The plasma vitamin E level was highest in the NSV group. Vitmain E and C supplementation provided some protection against heme proteins and lipid damage by lowering methemoglobin, hemolysis and TBARS concentration of RBC. Smoking cessation significantly decreased TBARS of RBC and plasma total cholesterol concentration. Supplementing vitamin E and C with smoking cessation considerably lowered plasma total cholesterol. These results point to a special association among smoking, oxidative damage and plasma antioxidant vitamin status. They indicate that increases in plasma antioxidant status can be detected after the supplementation of vitamin C and E and that smoking cessation had an additional effect on plasma vitamin E level. The present data suggest that improved antioxidant status induced by antioxidant supplementation or smoking cessation may help prevent oxidative damage in smokers.

• 한국보건간호학회지
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.226-236
• /
• 2010

Purpose: The study investigated factors related to the smoking behavior among 639 high school students in Geoje, Korea. Methods: Data collected by self-reported questionnaires was analyzed by the SPSS WIN 14.0 program with Chi-test, t-test, and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Smoking behavior differed by gender (p=.002), school type (p=.001), experience with alcohol consumption (p=.005), family harmony (p=.003), father's smoking (p=.001), academic achievement (p=.010), self-esteem (p=.010), stress (p=.004), and attitude to smoking (p=.0001). Smoking behavior was significantly associated with gender (odds ratio (OR)=0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.46-0.95), school type (OR=1.52, 95% CI=1.03-2.23), experience with alcohol consumption (OR=0.56, 95%CI= 0.39-0.82), academic achievement (OR=1.98, 95-I=1.20-3.29), attitude to smoking (OR= 0.76, 95%CI=0.69-0.84) and father's smoking (OR=1.59, 95%CI=1.11-2.29). Conclusion: Anti-smoking programs for high school students should especially consider those at higher risk (males in vocational high school with no drinking experience of drinking, lower academic achievement, favorable attitude to smoking, and whose fathers smoke). Community efforts to reduce adult smoking would be advantageous.