• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.193-204
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• 2010

Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze the causal relationship between smoking and depression using longitudinal data. Methods: Two waves of the Korea Welfare Panel collected in 2006 and 2007 were used. The sample consisted of 14 426 in 2006 and 13 052 in 2007 who were aged 20 and older. Smoking was measured by smoking amount (none/$\geq$ two packs). Depression was defined when the summated CESD (center for epidemiological studies depression)-11 score was greater than or equal to 16. The causal relationship between smoking and depression was tested using logistic regression. In order to test the causal effect of smoking on depression, depression at year 2 was regressed on smoking status at year 1 only using the sample without depression at year 1. Likewise, smoking status at year 2 was regressed on depression at year 1 only using those who were not smoking at year 1 in order to test the causal effect of depression on smoking. The statistical package used was Stata 10.0. Sampling weights were applied to obtain the population estimation. Results: The logistic regression testing for the causal relationship between smoking and depression showed that smoking at year 1 was significantly related to depression at year 2. Smoking amounts associated with depression were different among age groups. On the other hand, the results from the logistic regression testing for the opposite direction of the relationship between smoking and depression found no significant association regardless of age group. Conclusions: The study results showed some evidence that smoking caused depression but not the other way around.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.33-43
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• 2014

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of experiences of witnessing tobacco advertising and preferences of tobacco companies' social responsibility (CSR) on current and future smoking intentions in adolescents. Methods: Data were collected from 700 adolescents living in Korea representing 7 metropolitan cities and 8 provinces in the method of proportional random sampling. The Gallup's data collection system was adopted using 1:1 face to face interviews. The witness of tobacco advertising was determined by 'yes', or 'no' responses to three survey items and to four survey items for preferences of tobacco CSR. For statistical analysis, ${\chi}^2$ test, Fisher's exact test and logistic regression were used. Results: 98.4% of the adolescents had experiences of witnessing tobacco advertising. POP (OR=103.44, 95% CI: 8.22~1301.45) and magazine advertisement (OR=6.07, 95% CI: 1.34~22.58) had a significant effect on their current smoking. Also, POP (${\beta}$=.24, p<.001) and movie advertisement (${\beta}$=.42, p<.001) had a significant effect on their future smoking intentions. As for the preferences of tobacco CSR, cultural-art support activities (${\beta}$=.15, p=.025) and environmental purifying campaigns (${\beta}$=-.15, p=.034) had a significant effect on their future smoking intentions. Conclusion: Witness of tobacco advertising and positive responses to tobacco CSR are associated with current and future smoking intentions in adolescents.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.77-90
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the conditions and problems of anti-smoking education programs in government office for civil servants. A mail-in survey was carried out for the chief of the general affairs of 248 government offices. 1. There were 154 responses to the surveys. Only 34 governmental offices have carried out anti-smoking education programs for civil servants. 2. Only one office has a department to supervise and anti-smoking program. 17 offices have 1 worker and thirteen offices have no manpower to supervise anti-smoking program. 3. Only eight offices have budgeted for anti-smoking programs. The average budget was 3,750,000 Won. Expected budget for smoking cessation program was 7,500,000 Won. 4. 25 offices have an anti-smoking lecture program for civil servants. Only five offices have an anti-smoking counseling for smokers. 5. Only seven surveys responded that civil servants had a positive response to anti-smoking programs. 6. The most important problem of anti-smoking programs in governmental offices was the lack of concern of civil servants. Governmental offices have to provide the greatest administrative services and services concerning the quality of life for citizens. Anti-smoking education programs in governmental offices for civil servants was the beginning of an activity of the services concerning the quality of life for citizens. Governmental offices have to actively implement anti-smoking programs for civil servants.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.640-647
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of smoking cessation education using the transtheoretical model on the process of change, smoking temptation, decisional balance and stage change transition. Methods: A nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design was used for this study. The study population was 44 male college students in the experimental group and 66 students in the control group. Smoking cessation education was administered to the experimental group at one university. Descriptive analysis, t-test, and ANCOVA were used with the SPSS 19.0 program to analyze the data. Results: After providing a smoking cessation program, the experimental group showed significantly higher scores for self-efficacy for smoking cessation, process of change, and a lower score in decisional balance for pros of smoking and nicotine dependancy compared to the control group two weeks after the pre-test. However, no significant differences were found at four weeks after the pre-test. Conclusion: The findings indicate that this program could have a positive effect on process of change, decisional balance and stage transition for college student smokers.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to compare three therapies - auricular acupuncture, transdermal nicotine patch and therapy - in combination with auricular acupuncture and nicotine patch. Methods : The subjects of this study included 188 male smokers in their 20s, 30s, 40s and 50s, who visited Wonmi Public Health Center. They were evaluated with the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, amounts of daily smoking and success rate of smoking cessation. The subjects decided on a therapy method strictly of their own choice. They were divided into three groups according to the therapy; auricular acupuncture group (62 persons), nicotine patch group (69 persons) and combination therapy group (57 persons). Results : All three groups resulted in statistically significant reducing effects of nicotine dependence and amounts of daily smoking. In the combination therapy group, nicotine dependence was significantly decreased by more than those of the other groups. There were no statistically significant differences in decrements of daily smoking and success rate of smoking cessation among the three groups. Conclusions : The above results suggest that auricular acupuncture and transdermal nicotine patch have significant effects of smoking cessation. If they are combined, it is expected that therapies for smoking cessation would be developed.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of follow-up support in the adolescent smoking cessation program. In this study, a model for an effective adolescent anti-smoking program, which includes follow-up support, is based on the method of cognitive-behavioral therapy. The study lasted for 7 weeks, while information on smoking including materials to be analyzed, were provided to the subjects. Meanwhile, the state of the smokers was studied while consultations on anti-smoking was also carried out in the 7th week. At first, the quantity of cigarettes smoked between groups made no difference, but there was an obvious difference in the rate of people who stopped smoking and in the quantity of cigarettes smoked between group I(managed for 7 weeks) ,group II (managed for only 4 weeks) and group III (not managed at all after anti-smoking class). According to the results of the study, we can conclude that the follow-up support plays a big role not only in raising the rate of success in the level of reformed smokers, but also in lowering the quantity of cigarettes smoked.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.552-562
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• 2023

Objectives: Adolescents who engage in unhealthy behaviors are particularly vulnerable to anxiety. We hypothesized that participation in physical activity could influence the relationship between anxiety and unhealthy behaviors in adolescents. These behaviors include smoking, alcohol consumption, and unsafe sexual activity. Methods: This study included 50 301 students from the first year of middle school to the third year of high school, all from Korea. The unhealthy adolescent behaviors examined included current alcohol consumption, current smoking, and unsafe sexual behavior. Anxiety levels were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaire (GAD-7). Results: The participants had a mean age of 15.19 years and an average GAD-7 score of 4.23. No significant differences were observed in GAD-7 score among exercising participants when categorized by smoking status (p=0.835) or unsafe sexual behavior (p=0.489). In contrast, participants in the non-exercise group who engaged in these behaviors demonstrated significantly higher GAD-7 scores (p<0.001 and 0.016, respectively). The only significant interaction was found between unsafe sexual behavior and exercise (p=0.009). Based on logistic regression analysis, within the non-exercise group, significant positive associations were observed between current smoking and anxiety (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18 to 1.57), as well as between unsafe sexual behavior and anxiety (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.73). However, within the exercise group, no significant association was found between anxiety and either smoking or unsafe sexual behavior. Furthermore, no significant interaction was observed between unhealthy behaviors and exercise. Conclusions: These findings are insufficient to conclude that physical activity influences the relationship between unhealthy behaviors and anxiety.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.245-251
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• 2006

Nitric oxide(nitrogen monoxide, NO) plays important physiological roles, but excessive generation can be toxic. NO is present in cigarette smoke at up to 1,000 ppm, and probably represents one of the greatest exogenous sources of NO to which humans are exposed. We investigated whether cigarette smoking reduces the production of endogenous NO and whether it influences the action of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) to induce nitric oxide synthase activity in mouse brain. Mice(C57BL6/J) were exposed to cigarette smoke for 8 weeks. LPS was injected intraperitoneally in single or combination with the exposure to cigarette smoke. Six hours after the injection of LPS, mice were sacrificed and sera and brains were collected. Serum concentrations of nitrate and nitrite were not charged by 4-week smoke exposure, but were significantly increased by 6 and 8 weeks of smoke exposure. Interestingly, cigarette smoke reduced the elevation in serum nitrate and nitrite concentrations produced by LPS after 4-week smoking exposure. NO synthase(NOS) activity in brain was upregulated by LPS-administration. However, cigarette smoke exposure remarkably and consistently decreased the LPS-induced activity in mouse brain. This result suggests that cigarette smoking may affect against overproduction of the endogenous NO by LPS through the inhibition of NOS activity induced by LPS in brain or by modulation of the LPS action for the induction of NOS activity. We also suggest the possibility that the exogenous NO evolved in cigarette smoke enables feedback inhibition of NOS activity or other possibility that it attenuates the toxicity of endotoxin LPS in vivo by unknown mechanisms, which should be further studied.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.129-135
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• 2014

Tobacco use is the most important preventable risk factor for premature death. The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first international public health treaty, came into force in 2005. This paper reviews the present status of tobacco control policies in Korea according to the WHO FCTC recommendations. In Korea, cigarette use is high among adult males (48.2% in 2010), and cigarette prices are the lowest among the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries with no tax increases since 2004. Smoke-free policies have shown incremental progress since 1995, but smoking is still permitted in many indoor public places. More than 30% of non-smoking adults and adolescents are exposed to second-hand smoke. Public education on the harmful effects of tobacco is currently insufficient and the current policies have not been adequately evaluated. There is no comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion, or sponsorship in Korea. Cigarette packages have text health warnings on only 30% of the main packaging area, and misleading terms such as "mild" and "light" are permitted. There are nationwide smoking cessation clinics and a Quitline service, but cessation services are not covered by public insurance schemes and there are no national treatment guidelines. The sale of tobacco to minors is prohibited by law, but is poorly enforced. The socioeconomic inequality of smoking prevalence has widened, although the government considers inequality reduction to be a national goal. The tobacco control policies in Korea have faltered recently and priority should be given to the development of comprehensive tobacco control policies.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.395-405
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of smoking on the clinical, radiographic outcome of surgical peridontal therapy. The outcome of periodontal surgery was evaluated in 51 systemically healthy subjects that had received maintenance care. The study subject consisted of 26 smokers and 25 non-smokers. The average age of smoking patients was 51 years old and non-smoking patients was 48 years old. Changes of probing pocket depth(PPD) and radiographic bone height, and number of missing teeth compared between smokers and non-smokers during maintenance period after surgical therapy. The clinical parameters were less favorable in the smoking group compared with non-smoking group. The number and percentage of missing teeth were greater in smokers(21.6%) than non-smokers(l2.4%), especially in molars. The mean presurgery PPD was similar in smokers and non-smokers, molars and premolars, but significantly decreased at least 2 years after surgery. The mean PPD reduction was significantly greater in non-smokers than smokers. Both in the smoking and non-smoking group, the mean PPD reduction was significantly greater in premolars than molars. The radiographical evaluation was also less favorable in the smoking group than non-smoking group. The radiographic evaluation of bone height in smokers showed bone loss. On the contrary, bone height of non-smokers showed bone gain during the period of maintenance. But there was no significant difference between molars and premolars. The clinical and radiographic outcomes of the smoking group was less favorable than those of the non-smoking group. Therefore , smoking seems to influence on the clinical and radiographic outcomes of surgical periodontal therapy.