• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.955-976
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary sodium nitrite and meat on human health. Sodium nitrite in processed meat is known to be one of the main precursors of carcinogens, such as N-nitroso compounds. However, we previously found that processed meat is not the primary source of sodium nitrite; nitrate or the conversion of nitrate in vegetables are contribute to generate more than 70% Sodium nitrite or nitrate containing compounds in body. Although the heavy consumption of meat is likely to cause various diseases, meat intake is not the only cause of colorectal cancer. Our review indicates that sodium nitrite derived from foods and endogenous nitric oxide may exhibit positive effects on human health, such as preventing cardiovascular disease or improving reproductive function. Therefore, further epidemiological studies considering various factors, such as cigarette consumption, alcohol consumption, stress index, salt intake, and genetic factors, are required to reliably elucidate the effects of dietary sodium nitrite and meat on the incidence of diseases, such as colorectal cancer.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.85-101
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• 1985

1. Nitrate and nitrite may contribute via nitrosation to the human exposure to N-nitroso compounds, especially nitrosamines, which are suspectd to be human carcinogens. 2. Since certain foods contain traces of nitrosamines, one should take the several points into consideration in evaluating the risk. 3. Nitrites, which can appear in the because of natural occurrence or deliberate addition, can react under the acidic conditions of the normal stomach with secondary amines to form nitrosamine. 4. Among the foods esamined, nitrate-nitrite treated meat products cooked bacon, and salted and dried fish are the main contributors of nitrosamines in our diet. 5. Consequently, in order to minimize human exposure to these chemicals, it is obviously essential to develop the alternative sources of nitrite in cured meat products. Thus the emphasis should be placed upon the most effective use of nitrite in curing with the use of acceptable inhibitors of nitrosation such as ascorbc acid or $\alpha$-tocopherol.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1981

Electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene and substituted nitrobenzenes on lead electrode was studied by galvano-static measurements and cyclic voltammetry in basic ethanol-water solvents. Nitroso compounds or hydroxylamines were detected as the main reduction product depending on the potential. Mechanisms of production and further reduction of substituted and unsubstituted nitrosobenzenes are deduced from Tafel slope, pH dependence and reaction order. The reduction of most of the substituted nitrobenzenes to corresponding nitrosobenzene derivatives seemed to follow the reaction mechanism of nitrobenzene reduction with a few exceptions. A Hammett type relationship between the magnitude of the reduction current and the kinds of substituents was found with the ${\rho}$ value of 0.54.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 1989

Nineteen flavonoids, five phenolics, two coumarins, maltol and L-ascorbic acid were tested as scavenger of nitrite which is believed to participate in the formation of N-nitroso compounds. Many were found to be potent scavenger and the five most potent ones were (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, phloroglucinol, caffeic acid and L-ascorbic acid. The nitrite scavenging effect was higher at pH 1.2 than pH 3.0 and increased when the incubation time was longer. The possible relationship of structures to scavenging effect of the flavonoids tested was discussed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1073-1077
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• 2018

Nitrite plays a major role in inhibiting the growth of foodborne pathogens, including Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum) that causes botulism, a life-threatening disease. Nitrite serves as a color-fixing agent in processed meat products. However, N-nitroso compounds can be produced from nitrite, which are considered as carcinogens. Thus, consumers desire processed meat products that contain lower concentrations (below conventional concentrations of products) of nitrite or no nitrite at all, although the portion of nitrite intake by processed meat consumption in total nitrite intake is very low. However, lower nitrite levels might expose consumers to risk of botulism poisoning due to C. botulinum or illness caused by other foodborne pathogens. Hence, lower nitrite concentrations in combination with other factors such as low pH, high sodium chloride level, and others have been recommended to decrease the risk of food poisoning. In addition, natural compounds that can inhibit bacterial growth and function as color-fixing agents have been developed to replace nitrite in processed meat products. However, their antibotulinal effects have not been fully clarified. Therefore, to have processed meat products with lower nitrite concentrations, low pH, high sodium chloride concentration, and others should also be applied together. Before using natural compounds as replacement of nitrite, their antibotulinal activities should be examined.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.232-239
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• 1996

천연에 광범위하게 존재하고 있는 각종 폐놀성 화합물은 니트로화 반응의 저해제로 관여하거나 항산화제로 작용하는 것으로 알려져 있어 본 연구에서는 이들 각종 페놀성 화합물의 아질산염 소거작용과 전자공여 작용 유무를 알아보기 위하여 이들 화합들의 농도를 $0.1mM{\sim}6mM$용액을 조제한 후, 이 액 일정량을 이용해 아질산염 소거작용과 전자공여 작용을 비교하였다. 아질산염 소거율에서 phenolic acid류는 높은 활성을 보였으며, 일부는 pH 1.2, 3.0에서 flavonoids보다 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 전자공여능에서 phenolic acid류 가운데 hydroxybenzoic acids는 gallic acid> gentisic acid> syringic acid> protocatechuic acid> salicylic acid> vanillic acid> benBoic acid>p-hydroxy benzoic acid 순으로 나타났으며, hydroxycinnarnic acids가운데 전자공여능의 크기는 hydrocaffeic acid> caffeic acid> ferulic acid> p-coumaric acid>trans-cinnamic acid 순으로 나타났고, flavonoids 가운데에서는 (+)catechin> rutin> quercetin>naringin=hesperidin 순으로 나타났다. 또한 tannic acid를 포함한 기타 phenol성 화합물에 없어서도 높은 전자공여능을 나타내었다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2011

Of the 500 Actinomycetes isolates obtained from soil, one isolate grown on maltose as the sole carbon source produced compound BHK-P19, which inhibited the growth of multiple drug resistant P. aeruginosa 0245. Ultraviolet radiation mutagenesis curtailed production of BHK-P19. Mutation of the BHK-P19 producer using N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine obviated the antibacterial activity to P. aeruginosa 0245, but not towards P. aeruginosa 0225. The mixing of BHK-P19 and BHK-S5 culture extracts inhibited P. aeruginosa 0254, 0225 and 1113. The combined application of BHK-P19 culture extract and Schizandra chinensis Baillon extract inhibited P. aeruginosa 0254, 0225, 0826, 1113, 1378, 1731 and 2492. Use of various concentrations of BHK-P19 culture extract and ampicillin markedly increased antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant P. aeruginose 1113.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.909-915
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• 1997

The nitrite scavenging effect of methanol extracts of marine algae were evaluated to discover new natural nitrite scavengers. Among the tested seaweeds, Ecklonia stolonifera, an edible brown algae, showed the strongest scavenging effect. The MeOH extract was then sequentially partitioned into $CH_2Cl_2,\;CH_2Cl_2$ insoluble interface, EtOAc, n-BuOH, and $H_2O$ layers. The EtOAc and n-BuOH fraction demonstrated high levels of nitrite-scavenging activity while the $CH_2Cl_2,\;CH_2Cl_2$ insoluble interface, and $H_2O$ fractions were inactive. A column chromatography of the EtOAc fraction through silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 yielded phloroglucinol and a new compound tentatively named phlorotannin A. The nitrite scavenging activity of phloroglucinol $(IC_{50}=3.9{\mu}g/ml)$ was more potent than that of L-ascorbic acid $(IC_{50}=65.0{\mu}g/ml)$. However, phlorotannin A $(IC_{50}=193.2{\mu}g/ml)$ showed only low levels of activity. From the above results, it is possible to suggest that both the MeOH extract and their fractions and isolated phloroglucinol and phlorotannin A obtained from E. stolonifera may be applicable as scavengers of nitrite, which is a precursor for the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2013

Nitrate is a naturally occurring compound in plant and can be converted to nitrite in the nitrogen cycle and vice versa. Therefore, it is easy to find nitrate in plants including vegetables. Especially, it is known that high levels of nitrate found in leafy vegetables. Nitrate itself is relatively non-toxic but its metabolites and reaction products such as nitrite, nitric oxide and N-nitroso compounds, may produce adverse health effects such as methaemoglobinaemia and carcinogenesis. To execute the risk assessment of dietary nitrate and nitrite for the intake of vegetables, it is investigated that the levels of nitrate and nitrite in 23 vegetables (798 samples). The range of concentration were 0-6,719mg/kg for nitrate and 0-1,635mg/kg for nitrite, respectively. The Estimated daily intakes (EDI) were 0.85-1.38 mg/kg body weight/day for nitrate and 0.02-0.03 mg/kg body weight/day for nitrite by ages. We conclude that there are no health concerns for eating various vegetables since the EDI were below the Tolerable Daily Intake (3.7 mg/kg body weight/day for nitrate, 0.06 mg/kg body weight/day for nitrite) level established by WHO.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.296-301
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• 2015

Chronic kidney diseases are based on uncontrolled immunological and inflammatory responses to pathophysiological renal circumstances such as glomerulonephritis, which is caused by immunological mechanisms of glomerular inflammation with increased production of renal pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pentoxifylline (PTX) exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting cytokine and chemokine production through aggregation of erythrocytes and thrombocytes. We synthesized a series of 1,7-substituted methylxanthine derivatives by the Traube purine reaction, and the formation of purine ring was completed through nitrosation, a reduction of the nitroso to the amine by catalytic hydrogenation as derivatives of PTX. Then we studied biological activities such as renal anti-inflammatory effects of the synthesized compounds in the production of cytokines such as nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and of chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and IL-8 in Raw 264.7 and HK-2 cells. Renal antiinflammatory activities of this novel series of N-1 and N-7-substituted methylxanthine showed that the N-7 methyl-group-substituted analogs (S7b) showed selective 61% and 77% inhibition of the production of NO and IL-8. The other replacement of the N-1-(CH₂)₄COCH₃ roup, as in the case of compound S6c, also showed an effective 50% and 77% inhibition of TNF-α and IL-8 production in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 and HK-2 cells.