• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.357-363
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• 1997

The effect of replacement of cotton seed meal (CSM), with various levels and sources of non-protein nitrogenous (NPN), substances on in vitro ruminal fermentation were studied. Cotton seed meal, in control ration provided nitrogen equivalent to 12.5 percent crude protein while in experimental ration was replaced at 30, 50 & 70 percent levels with urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP) and biuret, respectively. The results of incubation upto 48 hours indicated an improvement in digestibility by replacement of CSM with urea and biuret upto 50 percent protein equivalent, but not with DAP. Bacterial count from cultures containing 50% nitrogen from biuret was significantly higher than DAP, urea and CSM. Various sources of nitrogen produced $NH_3-N$ in increasing order of CSM, biuret, DAP and urea. Increasing levels of NPN resulted in progressive increase in the levels of $NH_3-N$. The levels of various NPN sources had no effect on pH. However, the pH values determined for urea and CSM were higher than biuret and DAP.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2003

Growth characteristics and seed productivities of orchardgrass "Hwabsung 2 Ho" cultivated for seed production were examined in the NLRI from 2000 to 2002. The experimental design was a split-plot arrangement with three replications. The main-plots were three drill widths of 15, 30 and 45cm, and subplots were four nitrogen application levels of 45, 90, 135 and 180kg/ha in early spring. Lodging was less in 45cm of drill width than in 15 and 30cm and was not severe by 90kg per ha of nitrogen including 45cm of drill width. Number of panicles per $1\m^2$ was tended to be more in 15cm of drill width than in 30 or 45cm. Among 45cm of drill widths. 45kg per ha of nitrogen had most numerous panicles. Panicle length, number of 1st branch, weight of 1,000 grain, and germination of 30 or 45cm of drill width showed better characters than that of 15cm. Seed yield was not statistical different among the treatments but was some more in 30cm of drill width, and was tended not to be different among nitrogen levels. Therefore, considering lodging tolerances, seed yield components, and mechanizations, treatment with 45cm of drill width including 45kg per ha of nitrogen in early spring was better than other treatments for orchardgrass seed production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake and nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal ammonia nitrogen in lambs of diets containing different levels of residual frying oil. Methods: Levels of 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 g/kg dry matter (DM) base of residual frying oil in the diets of lambs were evaluated. Five castrated lambs with initial body weights of $36.8{\pm}3.3kg$, distributed in a Latin square ($5{\times}5$) design, were used. Results: There was a decreasing linear effect on the intake of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total carbohydrates (TCH), and nonfibrous carbohydrates (NFC). There was an increased linear intake of ether extract (EE). The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, TCH, and NFC, as well as urine nitrogen excretion, nitrogen balance and ruminal parameters, were not influenced by different levels of residual frying oil in the diet. EE digestibility presented a crescent linear effect. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the addition of residual frying oil to the diets of sheep can affect nutrient intake without affecting the digestibility of most nutrients (with the exception of EE), nitrogen balance and ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.470-473
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• 2000

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of varying levels of flaked com abomasally infused on energy metabolism and nitrogen metabolism in fattening steers. The starch levels of flaked corn of abomasally infused were 0, 300, 600 and 900 g/d. Four mature fattening steers fitted with permanent abomasum cannulas were allocated to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design were fed at 1.2 maintenance requirement a basal diet of Chinese wildrye (Aneurolepidium Chinense). Compared with 0 g/d (control group), digestible nitrogen, retention nitrogen (RN, g/d) and the efficiency of digestible nitrogen converted into retention nitrogen (RN/DN, %) of 300, 600 and 900 g/d groups were higher (p<0.05). The post-ruminal starch digestion of flaked corn were 71.36, 80.27 and 64.71 % when the amounts abomasally infused were 300, 600 and 900 g/d, respectively. When the amount of starch abomasally infused was more than 600 g/d, the post-ruminal digestion of starch decreased. 300, 600 and 900 g/d starch infusion groups showed higher metabolizable energy intake (ME) and net energy gains (NEg, MJ/d) than the control group, and the efficiencies of metabolizable energy converted into body weight (Kf, %) of these groups were higher than the control group by 38.31, 73.18 and 67.06% (p<0.05). Kf (Y, %) had a positive curved relation to starch of flaked com abomasally infused (X, g/d), $Y=36.1605X^{0.0760}$ (n=16, r=0.9308).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.718-724
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• 1998

Twelve gilts were used to investigate the effect of lysine to protein ratio (5.2 g lysine/100 g CP vs. 6.7 g lysine/100 g CP) in practical diets on nitrogen retention and the efficiency of utilization in growing pigs. Treatments involved 2 levels of dietary lysine (5.2 or 6.7 g/100 g CP) and 3 levels of dietary crude protein (11, 14 and 17% in diet). Nitrogen retention was greatest when pigs were fed the control diet containing 17% protein. Nitrogen retention progressively increased as dietary protein increased (p < 0.01), but it was not affected by lysine concentration (g/100 g CP). Apparent biological value (ABV, nitrogen retained/apparently digestible nitrogen) was estimated to be ~50% at the maximum nitrogen retention. ABV was not affected by lysine concentration, but declined (p < 0.05) as the dietary protein level increased. The efficiency of intake N used for maximum nitrogen retention was approximately 44%. One gram of lysine supported approximately 9 to 10 g apparent protein accretion (nitrogen retention ${\times}$ 6.25/lysine intake) in pigs fed control diets. The efficiency of lysine utilization for protein accretion was lower in pigs fed high-lysine diets (6.7 g lysine/l00 g CP) so that 1 g of lysine accounted for 7 to 8 g of protein accretion in these pigs (p < 0.01). The lysine required to support maximum nitrogen retention in pigs fed high-lysine diets was higher than that in pigs fed control diets, which suggests that lysine was over-fortified relative to crude protein, since practical diets can not be formulated without excess of some amino acids. In summary the concentration of 5.2 g total lysine/100 g CP in diet is more appropriate for corn-soybean diets than the commonly suggested the content of 6.7 g total lysine/100 g CP.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.445-450
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• 2006

The nitrogen fertilization effect on growth characteristics and isoflavone content was investigated in this study, and isoflavone analyzed by HPLC with photodiode array (PDA) detector and reverse-phase $C_{18}$ column. Fertilization levels were no-fertilization, no nitrogen, 50% decreased in nitrogen, standard and 50% increased in nitrogen fertilization. The 50% increased nitrogen fertilization showed the highest growth characteristics then other fertilization level and the number of pod and seed showed maximum value 31.9 and 72.3, respectively, and seed yield was 2,460 kg/ha. During growth stages, isoflavone content in leaf, stem and root of soybean plants decreased to R5 stage then increased to R7 stage. Isoflavone content according to various nitrogen fertilization condition, in case of none fertilization, no nitrogen, 50% decreased nitrogen fertilization showed higher value than those of standard and 50% increased nitrogen fertilization levels. Aglycon content among the isoflavone isomers showed much higher in plant than in seed. The highest isoflavone content was found in the root of soybean plant parts. Isoflavone content of seed was higher in none, no nitrogen, 50% decreased nitrogen than those of standard and 50% increased nitrogen fertilization.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 2017

'Nunkeunheugchal' is a waxy black rice variety that has a large embryo. The quality of black rice depends on the anthocyanin content of the rice seed coat, which is mainly determined by cultivation environment. Factors that affect the anthocyanin content include nitrogen level, planting density, transplanting date and harvesting date. This study was carried out to investigate the optimum black rice cultivation conditions by examining the effects of different nitrogen levels and planting densities. An initial study was conducted to determine the optimum nitrogen level in which four levels of nitrogen were applied to the field (0, 4, 8 and 12 kg/10a). As the nitrogen contents were increased up to 8 kg/10a, there was a concomitant increase in rice yields. However, nitrogen levels greater than 8 kg/10a, the yield was maintained at the same level. Correlation analysis indicated that the optimum nitrogen level for maximum yield was 9.6 kg/10a. In addition, anthocyanin levels showed a trend similar to that of yield, with correlation analysis indicating that the optimum nitrogen level for maximum anthocyanin content is 10.6 kg/10a.On the basis of these results, a second study was conducted to determine the optimum combination of planting density and nitrogen level. The planting densities investigated were $30{\times}12$, $30{\times}14$, $30{\times}16$ and nitrogen levels were 7, 9 and 12 kg/10a. A high planting density ($30{\times}12cm$) was shown to produce higher numbers of tillers and yield. As calculated in the first study, a nitrogen level of 9 kg/10a shown to produce the highest anthocyanin content and yield. Collectively, the results of this study indicate that a planting density of $30{\times}12cm$ and a nitrogen level of 9 kg/10a is the optimal combination in terms of maximizing both rice yield and anthocyanin content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.361-363
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• 1989

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.222-228
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• 2010

Biological degradation of nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds was investigated in activated sludge previously adapted to mineralize low concentrations of nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds. Normally, the time required for 95% degradation of 10 mg/l dinitrophenol (DNP) under aerobic conditions was less than 4 hours without any lag, and with mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) levels from 600 to 1,000 mg/l. However, when the initial DNP concentration was increased to 75 mg/l, lags and even complete inhibition of DNP degradation were observed. The length of the lag was found to increase proportionally with decreasing MLSS levels. When dilute activated sludge was incubated for extended periods (192 hours), degradation of 75 mg/l DNP did eventually occur after lag periods of 37 to 144 hours, depending on the MLSS concentration. DNP was degradable in high concentrations if MLSS concentrations were sufficiently high to allow growth of bacteria resistant to the toxic effects of DNP.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.219-230
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• 1995

Although many studies of nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems have reported that clearcutting creates increased organic matter decomposition and nitrogen (N) mineralization in soils, little is known about the change of these factors following various levels of canopy removal. A series of experimental plots with four levels of canopy cover, i.e., clearcut, 25％, 75％, and uncut, was established in northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) stands in northern Lover Michigan, U.S.A. I examined decomposition of cellulose filter papers and N mineralization using an in situ soil incubation technique in the top 15cm of mineral soil during the second growing season (1992, May-October) following stand manipulation. Mass loss from cellulose filter papers was more rapid in the canopy removal treatments than in the uncut treatment. similarly, net N mineralization was significantly greater in the canopy removal treatments than in the uncut treatment. There was no significant difference in net N mineralization rates among the three levels of canopy removal. Net N mineralization for the growing season was 58 kg/ha for the clearcut, 54 kg/ha for the 25％ canopy cover, 51 kg/ha for the 75％ canopy cover, and 22 kg/ha for the uncut treatment. These results indicated that even only small amounts of canopy removal (leaving 75％ canopy cover) let to substantial increases of cellulose decomposition and the amount of available soil nitrogen.