• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.297-302
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• 2008

In this study, Chrysanthemum indicum L. flower tea was prepared according to different pan-firing times (5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 min) and its quality characteristics were investigated. Total nitrogen and tannin contents increased with increasing pan-firing time, whereas chlorophyll and total amino acid (AA) contents decreased. The total AA contents of the samples ranged from 6,399 to 7,068 mg%, and the highest content (7,068 mg%) was found with the 10 min panfiring treatment. The AAs occurring in the C. indicum L. flower tea included glutamic acid and aspartic acid, which are desirable flavor components. As the pan-firing time increased, antioxidant activity as well as total polyphenol and flavonoid contents increased. The highest total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were found in the 15 min treatment at levels of 13.85 mg tannic acid equiv./g and 9.77 mg catechin equiv./g, respectively. The 15 min pan-firing treatment also had the highest total antioxidant activity at 19.33 mg ascorbic acid equiv. eg/100 g. Finally, based on sensory evaluations, the 10 min pan-fired C. indicum L. flower tea had the best overall quality.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.128-134
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• 1987

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of cutting in field and solution culture. Periodical samplings of alfalfa in cutting and uncutting plots were taken to measure nodule development and nodule activity. Regrowth of plant and nodule development after shoot cutting by different heights and nodule removal at different levels were investigated in solution culture of alfalfa plant. 1. Nodule weight in the field was reduced 30% after the first cutting and 25% after the second cutting, but during the following 30 days after second cutting, there was no significant difference between cutting and uncutting plots. 2. Specific nodule activities of cutting plots at the beginning of June and at the beginning of September were 80% and loo%, higher than those of uncutting plots respectively. Total nodule activities of cutting plots in late August and early September were 40% higher than those of uncutting plot. The decrease of nodule activity can be prevented by cutting at flowering stage. 3. The decrease of nodules in solution culture when 50% of the shoot was cut, was as much as that when shoot was not cut or flower buds were removered. But when 90% of the shoot was cut, the number of the nodules were decreased more remarkably than the above treatments. New nodules, when 90% of the shoot was cut, were reformed slowly and did not grow fully until 15 days after cutting.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.343-354
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• 2008

A new method is suggested herein to measure the virgin earth stresses by means of a borehole. This novel concept is basically a combination of borehole stress relieving and borehole fracturing techniques. The destressing of the borehole is achieved by means of inducing thermal tensile stresses at the borehole periphery by using a cryogenic fluid such as Liquid Nitrogen($LN_2$). The borehole wall eventually develops fractures when the induced thermal stresses exceed the existing compressive stresses at the borehole periphery in addition to the tensile strength of the rock. The above concept is theoretically analyzed for its potential applicability to interpret in situ stress levels from the tensile fracture stresses and the corresponding borehole wall temperatures. Coupled thermo-mechanical numerical simulations are also conducted using FLAC3D, with thermal option, to check the validity of the proposed techniques. From the preliminary theoretical and numerical analysis, the method suggested for the measurement of in situ stresses appears to be capable of accurate estimation of the virgin stresses by monitoring tensile crack formation at a borehole wall and recording the wall temperatures at the time of crack initiation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.164-169
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• 2008

This experiment was carried out to find the growth response and changes of nitrate and soluble sugar content in tomato leaves with salt stress. Tomato (Solanum lycopericum) seedlings were grown under different electrical conductivity (EC) levels adjusted with $CaCl_2$ as 1, 2, and $6dS\;m^{-1}$. The growth response and contents of nitrate and soluble sugar in tomato plants were examined at 7 and 14 days after salt treatment. Leaf area and dry weight ratio of shoot to root of tomato plants were decreased as EC level increased. Photosynthetic rate of leaves was reduced under high EC level due to the stomatal closure and the reduction of transpiration rate. The soluble sugar and starch content were lower in the tomato leaves grown under high EC level. Total nitrogen and nitrate contents were decreased in high EC level, whereas the ammonium content was increased. High-salt stress induced the accumulation of salt crystal in mesophyll cells of tomato leaf.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.272-277
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• 2010

This experimental study was performed to investigate the antitumor effect of Egg white combined-Chalcanthite (InSan 4, IS4) in xenografted nude mice with NCI-H460 human lung cancer cell. We cultured NCI-H460 cell lines and xenografted them on nude mice. These mice were divided into 3 groups; group with dose of 45 mg/kg IS4 orally, group with dose of 90 mg/kg IS4 orally, and the control group. They had been raised and treated for 28 days. We checked their body weight, tumor weight and volume twice a week, and their absolute organ weight, microhistological observation and biochemical blood analysis at the final day by sacrificing them. We also calculated their tumor inhibition rate (IR), mean survival time and percent increase in life span (% ILS). In this study, we observed that all of the IS4 treated mice have tumor regression, dosage-dependently, compared to the control group. Tumor weight and volume of high dose treated mice were smallest. IR increased in IS4 in a dose-dependent manner. Mean survival time and percent increase in life span (% ILS) in high-dose IS4 treatment group were the highest of the three groups. There was no significant difference in biochemical blood analysis, alanine phopsphatase (ALP), Calcium, creatinine (CRE), alanine transferase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels. The urea nitrogen (UN) level results significantly decreased by IS4 45 and 90 mg/kg (IS4 45 mg/kg, IS4 90 mg/kg, p<0.01). IS4 may have potential anti-tumor effect in a solid tumor induced by NCI-H460 without remarkable side effects.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.255-261
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• 2013

The objective of the present study was to determine the minimum alcohol (ethanol) concentration that gives rise to the coagulation of goat milk for the alcohol precipitation test, and to evaluate the physical parameters of goat milk which include alcohol and heat stability. A total of 1,295 udder-half milk samples from 648 lactating dairy goats were collected from seven farms in Jeonnam province, Republic of Korea, to determine the alcohol and heat stability. The majority (99.6%) of the samples were coagulated when 70% ethanol was added to the milk, while only 11.0% of the samples were precipitated by the addition of an equal volume of 45% ethanol. With the concentration of 65%, 60%, 55% and 50% aqueous ethanol, 99.2%, 96.8%, 81.0% and 52.8% of the milk samples were coagulated, respectively. Of 1,295 dairy goat milk samples tested for heat stability, 127 (9.8%) were coagulated by boiling. Among the 143 alcohol test-positive udder-half milk samples, 52 (4.0%) were unstable by heat test, while 1,032 (79.7%) of the 1,152 alcohol test-negative milk samples were stable by heat test. According to the results of boiling test, sensitivity and specificity of 45% alcohol precipitation test were 0.3023 (95% CI: 0.2346~0.3772) and 0.9190 (95% CI: 0.9017~0.9344), respectively. The contents of protein and the specific gravity were higher in the milk samples of 45% alcohol test-positive than in those of 45% alcohol test-negative. However, lower levels of lactose and milk urea nitrogen were observed in the milk samples of 45% alcohol test-positive compared to the alcohol test-negative milk samples. The lowest pH values ($6.73{\pm}0.20$) were shown in the 45% alcohol test-negative and heat-unstable milk samples, while the lowest values of somatic cell counts and bacterial counts were shown in the 45% alcohol test-negative and heat-stable milk samples. Results of this study suggest that the alcohol precipitation for dairy goat milk may have to be tested with ethanol concentration less than 45% for the determination of freshness and heat-stability.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.403-417
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• 2017

This study was done to elucidate effects on organic and chemical fertilizers for growth characteristics, saponin content and antioxidant activity in Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix root. Chemical and mixed organic fertilizers were treated at levels of 50%, 100% and 200% based on nitrogen 3 kg/10a before transplant of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix. As a result, when 50% mixed organic and chemical fertilizer plots were treated to P. grandiflorum Ridix root, the root length showed the highest scores of 26.9 and 26.5 cm, respectively. Root width exhibited the highest scores of 25.6 mm and 25.2 mm in 50% mixed organic and chemical fertilizer plots, respectively. The number of fine-roots and fresh weight presented the highest values in 50% mixed organic fertilizer plot as 26.7 and 50.4 g, respectively. The content of platycodin D3 was ranged in 183.4~321.7 mg/100 g, which the highest value was observed in 100% mixed organic fertilizer plot. The content of saponin except for deapioplatycodin D presented higher amount in the mixed organic fertilizer plots. Treatment of 200% chemical fertilizer presented to be withered in transplant cultivation of 3 year-old roots.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.12-47
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• 2005

First, mice were dosed with 50mg/kg of streptozotocin(STZ) twice every 24 hours to cause high blood-sugar. Then, after three days, mice were injected with 100mg/kg of STZ again. Two different dosages of Saengjihwangeumja-gami were given to the experiment groups: SA group, 15mg/kg/day, and SB group, 90mg/kg/day, in order to determine the effects of Saengjihwangeumja-gami, which has been known to be good for DM(Diabetes Mellitus). By observing weight and blood-sugar level changes, blood tolerance, the numerical value of BUN(Blood Urea Nitrogen) and creatinine in blood, and through light-electronicmicroscopic and immunohistologic investigations of pancreas and kidneys, the following results were obtained: 1. The experiment groups showed a high suppressive effect of weight-loss. 2. The experiment groups' blood-sugar and blood tolerance showed an effective lowering of blood-sugar levels. 3. The experiment groups did not show any noticeable change in the numerical value of BUN and creatinine in blood compared with that of the control groups. 4. The experiment groups showed a higher Insulin positive reaction of pancreatic islets ${/beta}-cell$ than the control groups. 5. The experiment groups showed a higher immuno-reaction against IGF- II than the control groups. 6. Observation of apoptosis of the pancreatic islets showed that the cells of experiment groups were less injured compared with those of the control groups, and fewer apoptag-positive reaction cells were seen in experiment groups than in the control groups. 7. Uunder electron-microscopy, the insulin-containing granules in pancreatic islets ${/beta}-cells$ had increased more in the experiment groups than in the control groups. 8. Under light microscopy, the injury on the inner & outer membrane of the glomerulus and epithelial cells of capillaries and cells among vessels were fewer in the experiment groups than in the control groups. 9. More apoptag-positive reaction cells in the kidney were seen in the control groups than in the experiment groups. 10. PAS-positive reaction substances had increased more in the substrate among the vessels of a glomerulus belonging to the control group than those of the experiment group. 11. Uunder electron-microscopy, the nucleonic membrane, nucleoplasm and mitochondria of proximal and distal renal tubular were more injured in the control groups than in the experiment groups. In conclusion, strong evidence for the efficacy of Saengjihwangeumja-gami in lowering blood-sugar, and in recovery and generation of pancreatic tissues injured by DM was observed. Results suggest Saengjihwangeumja-gami is an effective treatment for DM. Further study of the principles of blood-sugar dropping effects of Saengjihwangeumja-gami are needed, as well as further study of recovery and regeneration of pancreatic tissues injured by DM.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2000

A method for quantitative and qualitative analysis of geosmin, odorant produced by several actinomycetes and cyanobacteria, was established and optimized. The effects of environmental conditions on the growth of Phormidium sp. NIVA-CYA7 were examined and the production and release of geosmin by the species was analyzed by using the purge and trap-gas chromatographic technique. One of the major advantages of the technique established in the present study is that the preparation of sample is simpler and purge time is shorter. Under the culture conditions (pH 7.9, $20^{\circ}C$, 120-140 $\mu$E/$m^2$/s and Z8 medium), Phormidium showed growth characteristics with a lag phase for 8 days and an exponential phase for 14 days followed by a stationary phase. Reduction of inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the culture medium from 250 to 100 or 25 $\mu$M brought no significant effect on the cell growth. However, the cell growth was significantly inhibited with decreasing concentrations of inorganic phosphorus from 25 to 10 or 2.5 $\mu$M. When the inorganic phosphorus concentration in the medium was lowered from 25 to 10 $\mu$M, the levels of geosmin in the organism expressed as percentages per unit TOC and chlorophyII-$\alpha$ increased by 35% and 68%, respectively. When the initial pH of the medium was 9.4, geosmin content was 0.0824 $\mu$g/mg C, which was 2-fold higher than that at pH 7.9 Consequently, the level of geosmin in Phormidium was found to vary with growth phases of the culture, external inorganic phosphorus concentration and external pH, while the release of geosmin was not significantly affected by the factors.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.269-278
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• 2006

This study was performed to extend the shelf-life of duck breast treated with NaCIO(20, 50ppm), lactic acid(1, 2%) and acetic acid(1, 2%). Changes in microbial counts, storage characteristics and color values of duck breasts were determined during storage at 4℃ for 7 days. Although pH values were not different on the first day of storage. they increased up to 3rd days of storage and decreased gradually thereafter. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) of duck breasts treated with lactic acid and acetic acids were lower TBARS than those with lactic acid on the 7th days of storage. Volatile basic nitrogen(VBN) didn't differ among the treatments(P>0.05). Although the microbial counts were increased in all treatments, acetic acid treatment had lower microbial counts among the treatments during storage. These results indicated that acetic acid would be the best treatment to extend the shelf-life of duck breasts among others.