• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.26-33
• /
• 1989

Nineteen flavonoids, five phenolics, two coumarins, maltol and L-ascorbic acid were tested as scavenger of nitrite which is believed to participate in the formation of N-nitroso compounds. Many were found to be potent scavenger and the five most potent ones were (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, phloroglucinol, caffeic acid and L-ascorbic acid. The nitrite scavenging effect was higher at pH 1.2 than pH 3.0 and increased when the incubation time was longer. The possible relationship of structures to scavenging effect of the flavonoids tested was discussed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.124-128
• /
• 1995

The present study was conducted to elucidate nitrite scavenger derived from seeds of Cassia tora L. Methanolic extract of Cassia tora L was refractionated into ethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water farction, and nitrite scavenging abilities of these fractions were investigated. Among these fractions, ethyl acetate fraction had the strongest nitrite scavenging ability(97%/2 mg). Therefore, to further investigate nitrite scavenger, ethyl acetate fraction was fractionated by silica gel column chromatography with a chloroform-methanol($10:0{\sim}0:10$) and then compound A and B were isolated. Compound A had a stronger nitrite-scavenging effect than compound B. Therefore the further separation of compound A was carried out by HPLC(32% acetonitrile. 1 ml/min) using ${\mu}Bondapak$C18 column$(3.9{\times}300 mm)$ and finally compound A-1 was obtained from compound A. Compound A-1 had by far nitrite-scavenging ability as compared with that of ascorbic acid. Compound A-1 was identified as $nor-rubrofusarin-6-{\beta}-mono-D-glucoside$ from the profiles of UV, IR and $^1H-NMR$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.266-272
• /
• 1993

Some compounds including flavonoids were tested as scavenger of nitrite which is believed to participate in the formation of N-nitroso compound. Many were found to be potent scavengers and the most potent ones were ascorbic arid, potassium thiocyanate, chlorogenic acid, catechin, morin, luteolin, luteolin-7-glucoside, and naringenin. To evaluate the influence of the above compounds on the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compound, the amount of nitrosoproline (NPRO) was examined by co-incubation of nitrite, proline, and test compounds at various concentrations. The analysis of NPRO by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was newly developed. Most compounds except ascorbic acid and chlorogenic acid were found to be no effects or activatory effects on NPRO formation. From the results obtained, it was suggested that most flavonoids which are contained in our customary diets were not associated with the inhibition of NPRO formation.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.576-583
• /
• 2011

In the course of study for the development of functional food ingredients from seaweeds having useful biological activities, the in-vitro antioxidant and nitrite scavenging activities of the methanol extracts prepared from 35 different seaweeds (17 phaeophyta, 11 rhodophyta and 7 chlorophyta) were determined. At $500\;{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of the methanol extracts, Ecklonia cava, Ecklonia stolonifera, Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell, Ishige foliacea, I. okamurai, Sargassum confusum, S. fulvellum, S. yamade and Zostera marina showed 60% more DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity. The exceptions were found in I. okamurai and Z. marina, which showed 45% and 53% ABTS scavenging activity, respectively. The correlation coefficient between DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities was 0.855, suggesting that the 9 different seaweeds extracts could scavenge anion and cation radicals concurrently. In reducing power, only E.cava, E.stolonifera and E.bicyclis showed above 0.88 ($Abs_{700}$). In a while, in nitrite scavenging activity at $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of the methanol extracts, 19 different seaweeds extracts including I. foliacea, I. okamurai, S. confusum, S. fulvellum, and S. yamade showed 60% more activity. Calculation of $IC_{50}s$ of DPPH, ABTS and nitrite scavenging activities of 9 different seaweeds extracts further showed that I. foliacea and S. yamade, besides E.cava, E.stolonifera and E.bicyclis, have strong antioxidant and nitrite scavenging activity. These results suggest that the selected 9 different seaweeds could be developed as functional food ingredients and I. foliacea and S. yamade have potential as novel natural sources of antioxidant and nitrite scavenger.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.232-239
• /
• 1996

Phenolic compounds are known to inhibit the nitrosation or oxidation reaction. In the present work, the effects of phenolic compounds including phenolic acids and flavonoids on the nitrite-scavenging and electron donating ability were tested as scavenger of nitrite which is believed to participate in the formation of N-nitroso compounds and investigated as electron donator. The nitrite scavenging ability appeared in all the phenolic acids and showed the highest value at PH 1.2. Among the Phenolic compounds, phenolic acids showed higher nitrite-scavenging action than some flavonoids. Futhermore, the nitrite scavenging action of phenolic compounds was pH dependent highest at pH 1.2 and lowest at pH 6.0. The electron donating ability (EDA) by reduction of ${\alpha},{\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) among hydroxybenzoic acids was in the decreasing order of gallic acid, gentisic acid, syringic acid, protocatechuic acid, salicylic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. EDA of hydroxycinnamic acids was in the decreasing order of hydrocaffeic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and trans-cinnamic acid. EDA of flavonoids was in the decreasing order of (+)catechin, rutin, quercetin, naringin and hesperidin. Other phenolic compounds were significantly high in electron donating abilities.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.12 no.5
• /
• pp.478-483
• /
• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate functional properties of 70% acetone extract in different parts of two potato varieties. 'Superior' and 'Atlantic' potato were processed by following method. Potatoes are washed, peeled, sliced and steamed before hot air drying for flesh and peel powder. Hunter's L and b values of flesh powder from blanched 'Superior' potato were higher than flesh powder from fresh 'Superior' potato. Discoloration of 'Superior' potato was inhibited by steam blanching. Contents of total polyphenol and chlorogenic acid in the 70% acetone extract of 'Superior' potato were higher than those of 'Atlantic' potato paticularly in the blanched flesh and peel. But flavonoid was not detected in flesh extract. The phenolic concentration was not decreased by the heat treatment. The nitritescavenging and electron donating ability was greatest at the tuber peel including the skin and cortex tissue 1mm beneath the skin. From the above results browning reaction and polyphenol contents in different parts of potato slices were dependent on cutivars. Peels contained more polyphenols than those from the flesh. The results indicate that potato peel extract of steam blanched plus hot air dried potato tuber showed the effectiveness as a natural nitrite scavenger and antioxidant.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.976-982
• /
• 2010

We studied to know the anti-inflammation effect on water extracts of Lophatheri Herba which was growing in every places in our country. We objected free radical scanvenger effect and nitrite eliminate effect of the Lophatheri Herba water extracts, and the cell viabillity, the effects of Lophatheri Herba water extracts on NO production, iNOS synthesis induced by LPS. Free radical scavenger effects were $27.91{\pm}0.12%$, $38.96{\pm}0.10%$, $46.22{\pm}0.15%$ depend on 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/ml each dose of Lophatheri Herba water extracts. Nitrite eliminate effects were $9.86{\pm}0.3%$, $80.61{\pm}0.23%$, $97.62{\pm}0.56%$ in 0.1, 1.0, 2.0 mg/ml Lophatheri Herba water extracts on pH 1.2. NO production and iNOS synthesis induced by LPS were reduced in RAW 264.7 cell by Lophatheri Herba water extracts. As the above results, Lophatheri Herba water extracts have anti-inflammation effects via NO production decrease, iNOS synthesis decrease mechanism. So Lophatheri Herba water extracts will be used as the protection or treatment in chronic inflammation desease like a asthma, stomatitis etc.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 1998

Background: The role of nitric oxide(NO) in analgesia from opioids is controversial. On the one hand, IV morphine analgesia is enhanced by IV injection of NO synthase inhibitors. On the other hand, IV morphine results in increased release of NO in the spinal cord. There have been no behavioral studies examining the interaction between IV morphine and intrathecal injection of drugs which affect NO synthesis. Method: Rats were prepared with chronic lumbar intrathecal catheters and were tested withdrawal latency on the hot plate after 3~5 days of surgery. Antinociception was determinined in response to a heat stimulus to the hind paw before and after IV injection of morphine, 2.5 mg/kg. Twenty minutes after morphine injection, rats received intrathecal injection of saline or the NO synthase inhibitors, L-NMMA or TRIM, the NO scavenger, PTIO, or the NO synthase substrate, L-Arginine. Intrathecal injections, separated by 15 min, were made in each rats and measurements were obtained every 5 min. Result: Mophine produced a 60~70% maximal antinociceptive response to a heat stimulus in all animals for 60 min in control experiments. Intrathecal injection of idazoxane decreased antinociception of IV morphine. The NO synthase inhibitors and the NO scavenger produced dose-dependent decreases in antinociceptive effect of morphine, whereas saline as a control group and L-Arginine as the NO substrate had no effect on antinociception of morphine. Conclusion: The present study supports the evidences that systemic morphine increase the nitrite in cerebrospinal fluid and dorsal horn. These data suggest that the synthesis of NO in the spinal cord may be important to the analgesic effect of IV morphine and increased NO in spinal cord has different action from the supraspinal NO.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.38 no.12
• /
• pp.1649-1655
• /
• 2009

The antioxidant activities of water extracts from wild vegetables such as Ligularia fischeri (GC), Capsicum annuum L. (GCY), Aster scaber (CNM), Petasites japonicus S. et Z. Max (MYD), Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam) (GGM) were evaluated and compared with water extracts from freeze dried block. The antioxidant properties of water extracts from wild vegetables and their freeze dried block were evaluated using different antioxidant tests; 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging and nitrite scavenging activities. The water extracts from wild vegetables were found to have a higher total phenolic content than water extracts from freeze dried block. Total phenolic contents of water extracts from GC, GCY, CNM, MYD, and GGM were $471.66{\pm}3.52\;{\mu}g/mg,\;141.33{\pm}2.51\;{\mu}g/mg,\;177.33{\pm}2.88\;{\mu}g/mg,\;238.66{\pm}9.50\;{\mu}g/mg\;and\;122.67{\pm}3.51\;{\mu}g/mg$, respectively. At the concentrations of 1000 ppm, water extracts from GC, GCY, CNM, and GGM showed higher activities than water extracts from their freeze dried block on DPPH radical scavenger activity. The activity of water extracts from CNM, GC, GCY, MYD, and GGM were 90.9%, 89.9%, 76.6%, 71.1%, and 57.4%, respectively. When 10000 ppm of GC, GCY, CNM, MYD, and GGM water extracts tested for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, activities were increased by 38.8%, 33.4%, 35.9%, 34.3%, and 33.8%, respectively and a similar effect was found with water extracts from GCY, CNM, and GGM freeze dried block at 10000 ppm concentration. However, the water extracts from GC and MYD was slightly more effective than freeze dried block extracts. The water extracts from wild vegetables and their freeze dried block had effective DPPH radical scavenger activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at all tested concentrations. Nitrite scavenging activity of GC water extract significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner and the extract had higher nitrite scavenging activity than extracts freeze dried block extracts. We found that freeze dried block maintained antioxidant activities of the wild vegetables.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.44 no.10
• /
• pp.1458-1469
• /
• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the nitrite scavenging activities (NSA) of nine kinds of wild vegetables in a $NaNO_2$ model system and nitrite of Chinese cabbage as well as the inhibitory effect of kimchi containing a mixture of wild vegetables (MWV) with nitrite scavenging activity on brain neuronal cell death. NSA was higher at pH 1.2 than pH 4.2 in all samples. NSA of extracts from sprouts of Oenothera laciniata and Aster scaber (AS) was above 90% at pH 1.2. AS, Codonopsis lanceolate (CL), Adenophora triphylla (AT), Platycodon grandiflorum (PG), and Taraxacum officinale (TO) extracts showed significantly higher levels of NSA than those from other extracts at pH 4.2. CL, AT, PG, and TO extracts showed high NSA on nitrite of Chinese cabbage. In addition, the effects of MWV on antioxidant and brain neuronal cell death induced by oxidative stress were investigated in human brain neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. MWV extract attenuated $H_2O_2$-induced cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in SK-N-SH cells. MWV extract showed significantly higher DPPH radical scavenger activity when compared to normal kimchi extract. MWV extract showed an inhibitory effect on brain neuronal cell death against oxidative stress by antioxidant activities.