• 간호행정학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.55-81
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• 2000

This study examined nursing care in a Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU) by reviewing nursing activities for the newborns. Through direct observation, time used for nursing care according to the nursing activity, shift, day of the week, and position of the nurses was measured. This study was done on November 15, 21, 24, 1999 at a university medical center hospital and included eight nurses and 179 newborns as the study subjects. The data were collected from the medical records, and by using a nursing activity record for the NICU, and a nursing activity time record for the NICU. The first step in the data collection process was to develop a list of nursing activities which was done through a literature review, examination of medical affairs and duty records. Content validity was measured by a panel of three professors who were experienced clinicians. In the second step two pre-training sessions were held with three sophomore student nurses who then measured the time for each nursing activity using a stopwatch. The data were analyzed using frequencies for nursing activities, averages, percentages and ANOVA for differences between shift and between days of the week, and percentages and t-test for differences according to position of the nurse. The results are as follows: 1) The total number of activities was 156, direct or indirect nursing activities. Direct nursing activity classified according to physical, educational, emotional/social/economic/spiritual needs. There were 109 direct nursing activities in 16 fields. 2) The order of nursing activities, according to time required, was record keeping, nutritional care, measurement/observation, medication, hygiene care, examination and specimen collection, and checking supplies, and according to frequency, measurement/ examination, record keeping, nutrition care, hygiene care, elimination care and medication. 3) According to shift, direct care during the night shift at 313.4 minutes was the longest time and indirect nursing care during the night shift at 252.2 minutes was the highest time. 4) For days of the week, Monday had the highest time for direct care 275.8 minutes (34.6%) and Wednessday had the highest time for indirect nursing care 269.6 minutes (36.1%). 5) For nursing time according to position of nurse, general nurses had the highest for direct care (330.7 minutes), nurse managers for indirect nursing activities (239.0 minutes) and general nurses for individual private time (63.9 minutes). The results of this study show that the major nursing time consuming activities included record keeping, nutrition care and measurement/examination. For newborns, time needs to be allowed for care to be sensitive, sophisticated and specialized rather than concentrated on indirect nursing tasks such as record keeping. Therefore, it is imperative to develop computerized systems that support a systematic approach to record keeping which is more efficient. Moreover, nursing needs according to shift, day or position of nurse can be utilized in assessing nursing resources through a computerized process.

• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.78-86
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• 2016

Purpose: The study was to identify relationships among the Anger-in, Forgiveness, and Quality of Life in Clinical Nurses. Methods: Data were collected by questionnaires from 205 clinical nurses who worked at the 4 hospitals located in Busan. Data were collected from September 26 to October 10, 2013. Anger-in, Forgiveness, and Quality of Life were measured using a structured questionnaire. The instruments included Anger-in Scale, Forgiveness Scale, Quality of Life Scale. The collected data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test and Pearson's correlation coefficients by SPSS/WIN 18.0 for windows. Results: There were significant correlations among anger-in and forgiveness(r=-.34, p<.001), anger-in and quality of life(r=-.33, p<.001), forgiveness and quality of life(r=.27, p<.001). There was a statistically significant difference in Anger-in of participants according to nurse's satisfaction of job. Forgiveness showed significant different according to nurse's perceived health status, belief of religion, turnover intension, and job satisfaction. Quality of life was significantly different according to nurse's age, perceived health status, work period, work pattern, night duty, turnover intention, motivation of choice in nursing and job satisfaction. Conclusion: These results suggested that reducing anger-in level and enhancing forgiveness level would increase quality of life among clinical nurses.

• 중환자간호학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to estimate the appropriate nurse staffing ratio in intensive care units (ICUs) by measuring nursing workload based on patient's severity and needs, using the Korean Patient Classification System for critical care nurses. Methods: The data were collected from January 18 to February 29, 2016 using a standardized checklist by observation or self-report. During the study period, 723 patients were included to be categorized from I to IV using the patient classification system. Measurement of total nursing workload on a shift was calculated in terms of hours based on the time and motion method by using tools for surveying nursing activities. The nursing activities were categorized as direct nursing care, indirect nursing care, and personal time. Total of 127 cases were included in measuring direct nursing time and 18 nurses participated in measuring indirect and personal time. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Two patients were classified into Class I (11.1%), 5 into Class II (27.8%), 9 into Class III (50%), and two into Class IV (11.1%). The amount of direct nursing care required for Class IV (513.7 min) was significantly more than that required for Class I (135.4 min). Direct and indirect nursing care was provided more often during the day shift as compared to the evening or night shifts. These findings provided the rationale for determining the appropriate ratio for nursing staff per shift based on the nursing workload in each shift. Conclusions: An appropriate ratio of nurse staffing should be ensured in ICUs to re-arrange the workload of nurses to help them provide essential direct care for patients.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.76-82
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• 2019

Background and Objectives: Noise levels and room acoustic parameters at a tertiary referral hospital, Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) in Korea, are investigated. Materials and Methods: Through a questionnaire, acoustically problematic rooms are identified. Noise levels in emergency rooms (ERs) and intensive care units (ICUs) are measured over about three days. Acoustically critical and problematic rooms in the otolaryngology department are measured including examination rooms, operating rooms, nurse stations, receptions, and patient rooms. Results: The A-weighted equivalent noise level, L_Aeq, ranges from 54 to 56 dBA, which is at least 10 dB lower than the noise levels of 65 to 73 dBA measured in American ERs. In an ICU, the noise level for the first night was 66 dBA, which came down to 56 dBA for the next day. The noise levels during three different ear surgeries vary from 57 to 62 dBA, depending on the use of surgical drills and suctions. The noise levels in a patient room is found to be 47 dBA, while the nurse stations and the receptions have high noise levels up to 64 dBA. The reverberation times in an operation room, examination room, and single patient room are found to be below 0.6 s. Conclusions: At SNUH, the nurse stations and receptions were found to be quite noisy. The ERs were quieter than in the previous studies. The measured reverberation times seemed low enough but some other nurse stations and examination rooms were not satisfactory according to the questionnaire.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.95-105
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the difference between direct and indirect nursing activity times according to the grade of nursing management fee. Methods: The subjects of this study were 324 working nurses at the time of 3rd grade and 319 working nurses at the 2nd grade of nursing management fee in one university hospital. Nursing activity time was measured in April and May, and in September and October of 2008 for comparison. The data were analyzed by SPSS win using frequency and t-test. Results: Direct nursing care activity time per one patient was significantly higher at 2nd grade than 3rd grade in day shift (t=-2.55, p=.012). Direct nursing care workload per one nurse was significantly lower at 2nd grade than 3rd grade in evening shift (t=2.21, p=.030), whereas indirect nursing care workload was lower at 2nd level in night shift (t=2.43 p=.016). Conclusion: The findings from this study showed that higher nurse-to-patient ratio can provide greater amount of direct nursing care activity for the patient. Also, it decreased workload of nurses. The higher nurse-to-patient ratio will be beneficial for promoting quality of nursing care as well as decreasing nurse's heavy workload.

• 대한청각학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.76-82
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• 2019

Background and Objectives: Noise levels and room acoustic parameters at a tertiary referral hospital, Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) in Korea, are investigated. Materials and Methods: Through a questionnaire, acoustically problematic rooms are identified. Noise levels in emergency rooms (ERs) and intensive care units (ICUs) are measured over about three days. Acoustically critical and problematic rooms in the otolaryngology department are measured including examination rooms, operating rooms, nurse stations, receptions, and patient rooms. Results: The A-weighted equivalent noise level, L_Aeq, ranges from 54 to 56 dBA, which is at least 10 dB lower than the noise levels of 65 to 73 dBA measured in American ERs. In an ICU, the noise level for the first night was 66 dBA, which came down to 56 dBA for the next day. The noise levels during three different ear surgeries vary from 57 to 62 dBA, depending on the use of surgical drills and suctions. The noise levels in a patient room is found to be 47 dBA, while the nurse stations and the receptions have high noise levels up to 64 dBA. The reverberation times in an operation room, examination room, and single patient room are found to be below 0.6 s. Conclusions: At SNUH, the nurse stations and receptions were found to be quite noisy. The ERs were quieter than in the previous studies. The measured reverberation times seemed low enough but some other nurse stations and examination rooms were not satisfactory according to the questionnaire.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.100-114
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• 1999

This study was done to investigate the effects of rapidly-rotating shift work of two-day interval on fatigue level and the concentration of urinary 17-KS, $Na^+,\;Cl^-$. The subjects were 20 nursing college students(control group) and 15 nurses in a university hospital and the study was done from Apr. 21 to May 4th, 1999. In the test group, each 5 nurses were allocated to day shift(8 AM-4 PM), evening shift(4 PM-12 MN) and night shift(12 MN-8 AM) respectively. The fatigue level were measured 30 minutes after work start on the 2nd day of work shift. Urine specimens were collected at 8 AM, 4 PM and 12 MN on the 2nd day of work shift in the control group and 30 minutes before and after work on the 2nd day of work shift in the test group. The data were analyzed with SPSS(for Window, ver 7.5). Statistical analysis was performed by using t-test, paired t-test and ANOVA. The results were as follows. 1. The perceived fatigue level in shift work 1) The physical and mental fatigue level were significantly higher in night shift than that in day or evening shift(p<0.05). In the neuro-sensory fatigue level, night shift showed higher tendency than that in day or evening shift, but there were no significant differences between each shifts. 2) Comparison between the control group and the test group: Physical fatigue level was significantly higher in night shift than that in day or evening shift of the control group(P<.001). Mental fatigue level was significantly higher in day or night shift than that in evening shift of the control group(P<.05). In the neuro-sensory fatigue level, test group showed higher tendency than that in the control group, but there were no significant differences between two groups. 3) The total fatigue level was higher in night shift than that in day shift or evening shift(P<.05). In comparing with the control group, night shift and day shift showed higher total fatigue level than that in the control group(p<0.05). 2. The concentration of urinary 17-KS, $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ In the control group, urinary 17-KS, $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ showed higher level in afternoon that in morning and night. In the test group, cr in day and evening shift and $Na^+$ in evening shift showed higher level at the end of work. The 17-KS concentration at the begining and the end of work in three shift groups were lower than those in control group(p<0.05), however, $Cl^-$ concentration at the begining of work in day shift, and the end of work in day and evening shift were higher than those in control group(p<0.05). $Cl^-$ concentration at the begining and end of work in night shift were considerably higher than those in control group repectively(p<0.1, p<001). $Na^+$ concentration showed a higher tendency in three shift groups except at the begining of work in night shift, but there were no statistical difference. In comparing concentration of the 17-KS, $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ among the shift groups, 17-KS concentration showed a lower tendency and $Na^+,\;Cl^-$ showed a higher tendency in night shift: The result of this study showes that biorhythm of shift work nurse was irregular. Fatigue level as the subjective index for evaluating the health problem concerning shift work was higher in night shift and proved to be in accordance with the concentration of urinary 17-KS, $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ used as objective indices. Disturbation of biorhythm and work stress due to night shift seems to cause the health problem of nurses and decrease of work efficiency. It is considered that work regualtion is necessary for the rational management of the nursing administration.

• 보건의료산업학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.95-106
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to identify levels of turnover intention of nurses in long-term care hospitals, and to explore influential factors on turnover intention. Methods : Data were collected with a structured questionnaires from 165 nurses. The data were analyzed with SPSS/WIN 21.0. Results : First, the average score for the practice environment cognition, job satisfaction, reward importance, and turnover intention were $3.14{\pm}0.21$, $3.18{\pm}0.32$, $4.02{\pm}0.53$, and $3.29{\pm}0.67$, respectively. Second, there were significant differences in the turnover intention according to the average monthly wage, total clinical career, present clinical career, work form, average monthly night shift and turnover experience. Third, the significant predictors of turnover intention were monthly salary, practice environment cognition, reward importance, monthly night shift and type of work explaining 67.0%. of the variance. Conclusions : It is necessary to conduct continuous and systematic research and to find ways that can prevent the resignation of nurses and improve cognition in the practice environment in long-term hospitals nurses.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.264-273
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate humanistic knowledge, emotional intelligence, and communication skills among nurses and to identify factors influencing the communication skills of nurses in five hospitals. Methods: Data were collected from 248 nurses in hospitals from August 25 to September 9, 2015. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlations and enter method regression analysis using the SPSS/Win 22.0 program. Results: There were significant differences in humanistic knowledge according to religion, education, work department, number of night duty, pay level satisfaction, job satisfaction, and job performance. There were significant differences in emotional intelligence according to all general characteristics. There were significant differences in communication skills according to education, position, number of night duty, and job performance. Communication skills showed positive correlations with humanistic knowledge and emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence correlated positively with humanistic knowledge. Emotional intelligence was a significant predictor and accounted for 32% of variance in the communication skills. Conclusion: To strengthen communication skills, programs need to be complemented in order to promote humanistic knowledge and emotional intelligence for nurses.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.527-535
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• 2015

본 연구는 간호사들의 근무환경에 따른 직업적 손상 및 신체적, 정신적 건강상태를 비교분석하기 위해 실시되었다. 서울의 한 대학병원에 근무하는 192명의 간호사를 조사대상으로 하였다. 근무환경과 직업적 손상에 따른 건강상태의 각각의 범주를 분석한 결과 신체적, 정신적 건강에 의미있는 차이가 있음을 발견하였다. 교대근무는 고정근무에 비해 직업적 손상과 상당한 관련이 있었다. 또한 밤근무가 다른 근무형태에 비해 간호사들의 신체적, 정신적 건강에 부정적 영향을 미치고 있음이 확인되었다. 따라서 근무환경과 직업적 손상에 의한 그들의 건강상 문제를 고려하여 근무체계가 개발되어야 할 필요가 있다. 그리고 밤근무자들을 위한 추가적인 지원 및 효과적인 밤근무를 위한 연구를 해야 할 것이다.