• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.206-214
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• 2018

Background: Immune responses appear to be affected by anesthetics and analgesics. We investigated the effects of caudal tramadol on the postoperative immune response and pain management in pediatric patients. Methods: Sixty ASA-I pediatric patients aged 3-10 years undergoing lower abdominal surgery. Patients were randomly assigned either to a caudal bupivacaine (0.25%) group (group B), or a group that received caudal tramadol (1 mg/kg) added to the bupivacaine (0.25%) (group T). Both were diluted in a 0.9% NaCl solution to a total volume of 1ml/ kg. The systemic immune response was measured by collecting blood samples preoperatively, at the end of anesthesia, and at 24 and 72 hours postoperatively, and studied for interleukin IL-6, C-reactive proteins (CRP) cortisol levels, and leucocytes with its differential count. Postoperative pain was assessed along with sedation scales. Results: Postoperative production of IL-6 was significantly higher in group B at the end of anesthesia, than at the $24^{th}$ hour, and at the $72^{nd}$ hour in group B and group T, respectively. The immune response showed leukocytosis with increased percentages of neutrophil and monocytes, and a decreased lymphocyte response rate within both groups with no significant differences between the groups. Cortisol and CRP were significantly higher in group B. Conclusions: Adding tramadol to a caudal bupivacaine block can attenuate the pro-inflammatory cytokine response, Cortisol, and CRP in children undergoing lower abdominal surgery.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.33-44
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• 1987

면역보체가 결합되어 있는 zymosan 또는 열로 응집된 IgG에 의하여 활성화된 호중구에서의 NADPH oxidase 의존적인 $O_{\overline{2}}$의 생성과 탐식작용은 칼슘의 흡수과정과 일치하였다. 활성화된 백혈구의 반응은 세포외 칼슘 농도에 따라 항진되었으며, 이는 칼슘의 킬레이트제인 EGTA나 EDTA에 의하여 유의하게 억제되었다. 활성화된 백혈구로부터 $O_{\overline{2}}$의 생성은 dantrolene과 chlorpromazine에 의하여 억제되었다. 칼슘 길항제인 bepredil, diltiazem, verapamil, nifedipine, nimodipine은 효과적으로 활성화된 백혈구의 칼슘흡수, $O_{\overline{2}}$ 생성 그리고 탐식 작용을 억제하였고 NADPH oxidase 활성도 또한 억제하였다. 그러므로, 칼슘 길항제는 칼슘 유입을 억제하거나 칼슘의 세포내 재분포 및 NADPH oxidase 반응계에 작용하여 활성화된 백혈구에서의 $O_{\overline{2}}$의 생성과 백혈구의 탐식작용을 억제할 것으로 시사되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.135-143
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• 2018

Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF{\alpha}$) and the angiotensin system are involved in inflammatory diseases and may contribute to acute kidney injury. We investigated the mechanisms by which $TNF{\alpha}$-converting enzyme (TACE) contributes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced renal inflammation and the effect of TACE inhibitor treatment on LPS-induced cellular injury in human renal proximal tubule epithelial (HK-2) cells. Mice were treated with LPS (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and HK-2 cells were cultured with or without LPS ($10{\mu}g/ml$) in the presence or absence of a type 1 TACE inhibitor ($1{\mu}M$) or type 2 TACE inhibitor ($10{\mu}M$). LPS treatment induced increased serum creatinine, $TNF{\alpha}$, and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), and TACE increased, while angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) expression decreased in LPS-induced acute kidney injury and LPS-treated HK-2 cells. LPS induced reactive oxygen species and the down-regulation of ACE2, and these responses were prevented by TACE inhibitors in HK-2 cells. TACE inhibitors increased cell viability in LPS-treated HK-2 cells and attenuated oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Our findings indicate that LPS activates renin angiotensin system components via the activation of TACE. Furthermore, inhibitors of TACE are potential therapeutic agents for kidney injury.

• BMB Reports
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• 제41권11호
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• pp.814-819
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• 2008

Interleukin-32 (IL-32) induces a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The IL-32 transcript was reported originally in activated T cells; subsequently, it was demonstrated to be abundantly expressed in epithelial and endothelial cells upon stimulation with inflammatory cytokines. IL-32 is regulated robustly by other major proinflammatory cytokines, thereby suggesting that IL-32 is crucial to inflammation and immune responses. Recently, an IL-32$\alpha$-affinity column was employed in order to isolate an IL-32 binding protein, neutrophil proteinase 3 (PR3). Proteinase 3 processes a variety of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-8, and IL-32, thereby enhancing their biological activities. In the current study, we designed four PR3-cleaved IL-32 separate domains, identified by potential PR3 cleavage sites in the IL-32$\alpha$ and $\gamma$ polypeptides. The separate domains of the IL-32 isoforms $\alpha$ and $\gamma$ were more active than the intrinsic $\alpha$ and $\gamma$ isoforms. Interestingly, the N-terminal IL-32 isoform $\gamma$ separate domain evidenced the highest levels of biological activity among the IL-32 separate domains.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.139-148
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• 2019

Rising of water temperature due to global warming is a great concern to aquaculturists and fishery biologists. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of high water temperature on juvenile red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara based on the evaluation of stress responses in blood. E. akaara juveniles were exposed to different thermal conditions ($25^{\circ}C$, $28^{\circ}C$, $31^{\circ}C$, and $34^{\circ}C$) for 6 weeks following 2 weeks of acclimation at $25^{\circ}C$. Blood cell morphology and number were examined at three sampling points (2, 7, and 42 days) from a total of 180 fish. Major erythrocytic cellular abnormalities (ECA) observed in blood smears of thermally stressed groups ($31^{\circ}C$ and $34^{\circ}C$) after 6 weeks were echinocytes, teardrop-like cells, swollen cells and vacuolated cells. Both red and white blood cell number (RBC and WBC) were significantly (p<0.05) elevated in $31^{\circ}C$ and $34^{\circ}C$ group after 6 weeks thermal exposure. Differential leucocytes number showed significant increases in neutrophil (N) and decreases in lymphocytes (L) in the highest temperature ($34^{\circ}C$). Different N:L ratio was observed at different thermal conditions which can be used as a reliable alternative to measure stress response. Taken together, these results suggest that higher temperature ($31^{\circ}C$ and $34^{\circ}C$) can interfere the immune system of red spotted grouper by altering the blood cell morphology and number.

• 운동과학
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.223-228
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• 2017

PURPOSE: This study investigated the protective role of high-intensity interval training against acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine (D-Gal)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS: A total of 30 male BALB/c mice aged 5-week were randomly assigned to high-intensity, interval training group (EX, n=10) or control group in cage (Non-EX, n=20) for 10 weeks. Peritoneal injection of D-Gal (700 mg/kg body weight) and LPS ($10{\mu}g/kg$ body weight) was applied to induce acute liver injury, and liver tissue was harvested 6 hours after the injection. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining was used for liver histology. Real-time PCR was used to quantify expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes in the liver. RESULTS: The liver histology showed that D-Gal/LPS treatment resulted in hepatic damage and increased number of neutrophils in conjunction with upregulation of hepatic IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNAs and downregulation of hepatic $PPAR{\alpha}$ and SIRT1 mRNAs. On the other hand, the 10-week interval training resulted in a significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness assessed as run time to exhaustion on a treadmill. In addition, the interval training attenuated the D-Gal/LPS-induced liver damage and increased number of neutrophil in conjunction with downregulation of hepatic IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNAs and upregulation of hepatic $PPAR{\alpha}$ and SIRT1 mRNAs. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that high-intensity interval training suppresses the D-Gal and LPS-induced acute liver damage and inflammatory responses.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2021

This study was undertaken to clarify the effects of omega-3 fatty acid on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. Rabbits were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Each group received intravenous infusion of saline only, saline and Escherichia coli endotoxin, omegaven infuison (0.5 mL/kg/hr) and endotoxin, lipoven (0.5 mL/kg/hr) and endotoxin respectively. Infusion of saline was started 0.5 hr before the infusion of saline or endotoxin, and omegaven and lipoven were started 2 hours after endotoxin infusion for 4 hours. The lungs of rabbits were ventilated with 40% oxygen. Mean blood pressure, heart rate, arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), and peripheral blood leukocyte were recorded. The wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio of lung and lung injury score were measured, and analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was done. Endotoxin decreased PaO2, and peripheral blood leukocyte and platelet count. And it increased W/D ratio of lung, lung injury score and leukocyte count, percentage of PMN cells, concentration of IL-8 in BALF. Omegaven attenuated all these changes except for peripheral blood leukocyte counts. Omegaven attenuated endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in rabbits mainly by inhibiting neutrophil and IL-8 responses, which may play a central role in endotoxin-related lung injury.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.22.1-22.25
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• 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread over the world causing a pandemic which is still ongoing since its emergence in late 2019. A great amount of effort has been devoted to understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19 with the hope of developing better therapeutic strategies. Transcriptome analysis using technologies such as RNA sequencing became a commonly used approach in study of host immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. Although substantial amount of information can be gathered from transcriptome analysis, different analysis tools used in these studies may lead to conclusions that differ dramatically from each other. Here, we re-analyzed four RNA-sequencing datasets of COVID-19 samples including human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, nasopharyngeal swabs, lung biopsy and hACE2 transgenic mice using the same standardized method. The results showed that common features of COVID-19 include upregulation of chemokines including CCL2, CXCL1, and CXCL10, inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and alarmin S100A8/S100A9, which are associated with dysregulated innate immunity marked by abundant neutrophil and mast cell accumulation. Downregulation of chemokine receptor genes that are associated with impaired adaptive immunity such as lymphopenia is another common feather of COVID-19 observed. In addition, a few interferon-stimulated genes but no type I IFN genes were identified to be enriched in COVID-19 samples compared to their respective control in these datasets. These features are in line with results from single-cell RNA sequencing studies in the field. Therefore, our re-analysis of the RNA-seq datasets revealed common features of dysregulated immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and shed light to the pathogenesis of COVID-19.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2018

본 연구는 발효 쌀보리 급여가 돼지의 생산성, 혈구조성, 혈중 대사물질에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 공시동물은 총 45두의 3원 교잡 육성돈(요크셔${\times}$랜드레이스${\times}$듀록; 평균체중, $30.33{\pm}0.05kg$)을 이용하였고 사료 내 발효 쌀보리(Fermented hulless barley, FHB)는 0, 0.5, 1.0% 수준으로 첨가하였으며 처리구당 3반복, 반복당 5두씩 시험돈사에 임의로 배치하였다. 일당증체량은 0.5% FHB 처리구에서 0 및 1.0% FHB 처리구에 비해 증가하였으나 통계적 차이는 없었다. 일당사료섭취량 및 사료요구율은 처리구간 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 총백혈구, 호중구, 림프구, 단핵구, 호산구 및 호염구를 비롯한 백혈구계 혈액세포 조성은 발효 쌀보리에 영향을 받지 않았다. 혈중 글루코오스는 대조구에서 0.5, 1.0% FHB 처리구보다 증가하였다. 알부민은 1.0% FHB 처리구에서 0.5% FHB 처리구에 비해 감소하였다. 그러나, 단백질, 지방, 에너지 및 광물질과 관련된 나머지 대사적 지표들은 발효 쌀보리 급여에 의한 영향이 관찰되지 않았다. 사양시험기간동안 시험동물에서 환축 또는 폐사가 관찰되지 않아 돼지의 건강관리측면에서는 효과를 나타낸 것으로 보인다. 그러므로 발효 쌀보리가 축산물 안전성에 미치는 영향을 구명하는 추가 연구를 통해 안전 축산물 생산 가능성을 제고하는 것이 필요할 것이다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2007

목 적 : Lewis b($Le^b$) 항원과 BabA 단백은 H. pylori가 위점막에 부착하는 것과 연관이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 소아에서 H pylori 감염에 대한 위점막의 면역 반응은 성인에서의 반응과 차이가 있을 것으로 추정되지만 Le 항원의 발현에 관한 연구는 매우 드물다. 이에 저자들은 국내 소아 H. pylori 양성 환자의 위점막에서 Le 항원의 발현 양상을 알아보기 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 2002년 1월부터 2004년 1월까지 상부 위장관 증상 때문에 소아과를 방문하여 내시경 검사를 시행받은 소아 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 위전정부에서 최소한 2개 이상의 조직 검체를 생검하여 CLO 검사와 조직 특수 염색(Warthin-starry) 검사를 각각 시행하여 모두 양성인 경우에 H. pylori에 감염된 것으로 판정하였다. H. pylori 양성 35명과 H. pylori 음성 19명의 위점막 파라핀 조직에서 DNA를 추출하여 cagA, babA2 특이 시발체를 이용하여 PCR을 시행하였다. 위점막 생검 조직을 대상으로 $Le^a$, $Le^b$, $Le^x$와 $Le^y$ 항체를 사용하여 면역조직화학적 염색을 시행한 다음 각각의 Le 항원의 발현 정도를 평가하였다. 결 과 : H. pylori 양성 환자에서 $Le^a$ 항원은 60%(21명/35명), $Le^b$ 항원 97%(34명/35명), $Le^x$ 항원 88%, $Le^y$ 항원은 100%에서 발현이 확인되었다. H. pylori 음성 환아군에서는 $Le^a$, $Le^b$, $Le^x$ 및 $Le^y$ 항원이 각각 52%, 100%, 89%, 100%에서 발현되었다. H. pylori 양성 유무에 따른 $Le^b$ 항원 발현의 차이는 없었다. CagA 및 babA2 유전자는 H. pylori 양성 환자군 중 각각 65.7%(23명/35명), 25.6%(8명/35명)에서 확인되었다. Lewis 항원들의 발현에 따른 H. pylori 감염, cagA 양성 및 babA2 양성율의 차이는 없었다. 결 론 : 국내 소아의 위점막에서 높은 $Le^x$와 $Le^y$ 항원의 발현율을 확인할 수 있었으나 H. pylori 감염 및 babA2의 양성 여부와는 관련이 없었다. Lewis 항원 이외의 다른 점막 수용체들과 세균 독소들에 대한 지속적 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.