• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.111-124
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• 2015

This study inferred the symbolism of shaman's costume in China from shamanism and types of shaman's costume in Naje, Deokgang-hyun, Guiju-seong, China through field survey. Shamanism in China has complicated aspects due to negotiations with other culture for a long time while maintaining its own consistency based on ethnicity. Symbolism of shaman's costume in Naje, Guiju-seong, China is observed as follows. First, the shaman's costume in China appears differently from every Jangcha in relation to the position of god appearing in Jangcha when Tolosa takes the position of god as a symbol of sex and god. In Naje of China, the most important shaman's costume indicating the position of god has a unique mask for every deity. It communicates that Tolosa wearing a costume appropriate for the god of wine shall become the god in that Jangcha. Second, the shaman's costume in China has something to do with Yin-Yang and the five elements theory of Taoism as a symbol of shamanism visio of the universe and system of reason. Most of Tolosas hosting Naje are men but dress up as women by wearing Nagun looking like a skirt. Nagun is usually red, the color of Yang, which symbolizes that by wearing such costume that takes color of Yang, Tolosa expels an ominous thing by balancing yin and yang and taking god's strong power. Third, Tolosa takes an eight-breadth Nagun, as a symbol of people. An eight-breadth worn by Tolosa in Naje strengthens the spirit of union and fight of the Tujia nationality who live in Deokgang-hyun, Guiju-seong through folk legends. In this course, a symbolic meaning of the national spirit has been provided on an eight-breadth Nagun, a shaman's costume.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.41 no.2 s.113
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• pp.195-211
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• 2006

During the 1986-1994 Uruguay Round negotiations under the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (later World Trade Organization), the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) was adopted by participating countries. TRIPS has not only allowed intellectual property to be introduced into international trade arenas, but also extended the scope of protection to biodiversity such as plant genetic material, arguing that intellectual property rights (IPRs) would help conserve biodiversity. In this paper, I aim to deconstruct the global IPRs regimes over biodiversity by adopting geographers' sensitivity to place and scale as an analytical window. By investigating how all the issues regarding IPRs over biodiversity that are raised by diverse disciplines, such as environmental ethics, environmental economics and political economy approach, are scale-related, I demonstrate how biodiversity IPRs, and its introduction into international trade agreements, though separate issues with no inevitable relationship to one another, have been put together for the construction of global IPRs regimes. I argue that the notion on the construction of scale (i.e., rhetorical and discursive construct of globalization) can contribute to revealing how fragile global environmental conservation regimes are.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.750-767
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to consider debates the reorganization of administrative districts and to investigate the role of maps in this debate during the early stage of French Revolution. For this, firstly, we examined the argument of reformers who attempted to change the administration system of the Old Regime. We found that physiocrats proposed map use for their attempt to reform this system. Secondly, we considered the debate on the theme of the new division of the kingdom on the basis of speeches or interventions delivered to the National Assembly. Robert de Hesseln's map, itself influenced by the geometric spirit shown by the map of Cassini, played an crucial role in the utopian ideas of revolutionaries who would divide France in administrative units of equal size geometric grid. Thirdly, the deputies decided the number and boundary of department on the basis of Hennequin's map. The final cut which resulted in very tense negotiations with local leaders was irregular polygons modeled on patterns of economic relations, and elements of relief and historical tradition. Fourthly, new administrative divisions are plotted on the map of Cassini and presented to the National Assembly. And it was declared as a new administrative division of France.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.40-60
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• 2020

When various kinds of products are produced from a single energy system, the methodology which allocates the common cost to each product cost is very important because it is directly related with the profit and loss of producer and purchaser. In the cost allocation methodology of electricity and heat for CHP, there are heat method, work method, benefit distribution method, exergy method, and so on. Benefit distribution method is the most widely known worldwide, and exergy method is widely recognized among thermal engineers. As a result of review, it is judged that the rationality of benefit distribution method is low because the result deviates from common sense, and the rationality of exergy method is high because the result consistent with common sense. In accounting, it is calculated as merit methodology and the result is used for negotiations between producer and buyer, but In thermal engineering, the rationality of exergy methodology is described only as a thesis. The purpose of this study is to compare and examine the rationality of merit methodology and exergy methodology, and the aim is to describe in detail in order that producer and buyer can understand the rationality of each methodology.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.492-502
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• 2013

This paper analyzes the outcomes of railway reform in the form of vertical separation between the infrastructure and operation since 2004 in Korea. For the analysis, the paper reviewed theoretical issues and case studies of European and Japanese railway reforms efforts. By doing this, we find the implications and a standard model, most useful. Moreover, based on this analysis, the paper reviewed the status of the accomplishment of goals, including solution to current account deficits, improvements in competitiveness and greater efficiency of operations. Finally, the paper highlighted improvement measures to address the problems of railway vertical separation in Korea. This paper suggests specifications pertaining to rail policy and control methods; tower foundation and negotiations and mentions ways to establish legal institutionalization and to secure stable rail system investments in railway in Korea.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.95
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• pp.15-21
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• 2009

Global village warming and carbon dioxide CO2 gas, and the human efforts for their healing and necessary alternative technology would be much more difficult things than that of making necessary funds and efforts to lay to sleep angry nature on the earth. The limited natural resources of fossil fuel would be dried up in several decades, and the intensity of diplomatic negotiations for natural resource guarantee among countries may be showed looking alike an war. The drain of fossil fuel called a new word of alternative policy like an environment-friendly green-growth, and the solar-cell and lighting technology for the solar energy applications were developed still more repeatedly day by day from oil lantern to LED high-tech illumination in great economy. Therefore, it was studied that the low-carbon green-growth illumination technology in cave applications with SOLAR-LED system which was produced and unified in connection with solar-cell and LED from the semiconductor production technology, and it was also clarified in necessary with useful cave lighting in heatless and with no photosynthesis of plant production in underground space.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.800-823
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• 2004

This paper aims at examining the ways in which foreign immigrant workers in South Korea have been "forgotten" and "marginalized" in the regulatory politics of globalization and how the politics of "forgetting" has influenced the formation of immigrant local communities in South Korea. More specifically, by focusing on the immigrant community in Wongok dong, Ansan, it explores the forming questions. First, under what conditions has Wongok' dong become one of the biggest communities for foreign workers in South Korea? Second, how has the growth of the Wongok-dong immigrant community been influenced by the politics of "exclusion", and "inclusion" taking place at various geographical scales? Based on this case study, this paper suggests that the practices of "exclusion" and "forgetting" should not be seen as an inevitable outcome of globalization; instead, they need to be seen as an outcome of political processes, in which the practices of "exclusion" and "inclusion" are intertwined with one another through interactions and negotiations among different interests and ideas that take place in the multi-scalar regulatory processes, which contribute to the (material and discursive) construction of globalization.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.10 no.3 s.21
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• pp.53-59
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• 2002

Territorial sea baseline is a borderline, with the effectuation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982, for the related sea zone negotiations with neighboring countries. Its position must be determined to international standard like WGS84 coordinate system. In this study, GPS survey for territorial sea points was performed to determine territorial baseline around five islands in the yellow sea, and the results of them were compared with previous coordinates. Territorial sea point, outermost spot of a nation's realm, tend to be placed in end up low-tide elevations or precipice. Therefore traditional surveying methods are hard to take accurate observations, so that GPS survey is most effective. Through the study, the scientific and reasonable methods for GPS surveying procedure is presented. The results of coordinate comparison show that there are wide difference between the old and new coordinates, and it is necessary for the whole area of islands to calculate displacements by GPS surveying.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.207-223
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• 2008

The launching of the Taepo-dong 1 on 31 August 1998 by the North Korea was the first case where the diplomatic protests was made against the flight, the purpose of which, the launching State claimed, consisted in space exploration and use. It is the principle regarding the freedom of space exploration and use, as included in the international treaty, that is relevant in applying the various rules and in defining the legal status of the flight. Its legal status, however, was not actually taken into account, as political negotiations leading to the test moratorium has been successful until present day in freezing the political crisis. This implies that the rules of the law lack the validity and logic sufficient in dictating the conduct of the States. This case shows that, in effect, it is not the rule but the politics that is to govern the status of the flight.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.35-45
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• 2002

This research is related to the evaluation of rural amenities. Since the UR negotiations, the wave of market liberalization has brought many difficulties to the rural areas. This paper serves to identify a number of important elements such as socialization, cultural and ecological resources and investigate the viability of rural areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate rural amenities by evaluation indices and establish planning direction of amenities for rural areas. The data have been collected by methods of a field survey and a questionnaire survey. The evaluation indices have been defined as socialization, safety, amenity and convenience by several researches. Villages have been divided into two groups. Seven(Shimchon, Ibaek, Muan, Dokpyong-li, Imchin-li Hyangyang-li, Wonwol-li) have been newly constructed, six(baeksa, Mokmyon, yongho-li, shindyae-li, hwangdun·songgae) have been redeveloped. There are considerable differences in the degree of satisfaction between he two groups. The results are as follows: 1) socialization is very necessary for amenities in rural villages. Especially the values of the resident's interactions and management of the village are most important in the preparation of an amenity plan in rural areas. So the plans and establishment of public facilities are requisite for the residents community. 2) The convenience of rural public facility plans is necessary for the improvement of the farmers'living conditions. For planning the rural villages, special regards are paid to characteristics of the village, such as the former place of residence and occupations. 3) Newly constructed village should improve their socialization and the redeveloped types should try to get a better life for amenity and safety, The residents of the redeveloped types show relatively high degree of satisfaction with indices of resident community, living convenience facilities, and management of village. On the contrary, amenity and safety are good in newly constructed types. This study has taken into consideration the characteristics of rural villages. It makes a contribution to the redevelopment of rural villages and improves amenities in rural villages. It is recommended that more studies classify the resources of rural areas and measure amenities which are significant to city dwellers in the future.