• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 2015

The demand for high-aspect-ratio structures has been increasing in the field of semiconductors and other applications. Here, we present the commercially available negative-tone SU-8 as a potential resist that can be used for direct patterning of high-aspect-ratio structures at the submicron scale and the nanoscale. Such resist patterns can be used as polymeric molds to create high-aspect-ratio metallic submicron and nanoscale structures by using electroplating. Compared with poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), we found that the negative tone resist required an exposure dose that was less than that of PMMA of equal thickness by a factor of 100-150. Patterning of up to 4:1 aspect ratio SU-8 structures with a minimum feature size of 500 nm was demonstrated. In addition, nanoimprint lithography was studied to further extend the aspect ratio to realize a minimum feature size of less than 10 nm with an extremely high aspect ratio in the negative resist.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.79-92
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• 2013

Word-of-mouths (WOMs) are now an important information source for purchase decision. Due to the advance in internet technology, people now can share online their consumption experience, both positive and negative, to others. The WOMs may diffuse to not only their friends but also enormous online users. When consumers dissatisfy the product or service, they may share the dissatisfactory experience to others as WOM, which may bring out discussions for the product or service. The discussions on the negative WOM may help to communicate the negative information to enormous others, which may damage the sale of the product or service. The diffusion and life cycle of negative WOM is an important issue for managers. However, few studies focus on it. Thus, the current study focuses on the discussion pattern and life cycle of negative WOMs by observing the 782 discussion articles in a large online community.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.285-312
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• 2016

The study examines how stressful life experiences and negative affective conditions influence refugees' information seeking and uses. Fifty-five North Korean refugees living in South Korea were invited to participate in a survey to determine their level of PTSD and to investigate the relationship between activeness in information-seeking and their negative affect. Seven subjects with severe PTSD symptoms participated in an in-depth interview to describe their information practices in daily life contexts. The study found that participants with higher levels of PTSD tended to seek information more passively than those with lower levels of PTSD. Almost all refugees were unable to recognize their information needs clearly but some subjects stated latent socio-affective needs and financial needs. Most refugees avoided seeking information and learned information through interpersonal sources-staffs in the Hana Refugee Center and volunteers in local community churches-and mass media. Some unique social phenomena were discovered in North Korean refugees' information world and the emergent features were discussed. On the basis of the findings, some practical approaches for improving refugees' information world were also suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.519-530
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the prior knowledge, the market position and negative information of the alliance apparel product on consumer attitude including preference, purchase intent and utility. Smart wear with MP3 was selected for the alliance apparel product. Negative information was manipulated into two types-product related and brand related negative information. 251 subjects participated for the study. For the data analysis, reliability test and three way analysis of variance were conducted. The results showed that when the partner brand has the higher market position, subjects with high prior knowledge revealed preference for the alliance apparel product more. When the partner brand has the higher market position, the subjects who were given the negative information on the alliance apparel product reported preference and utility more than the ones who were given the negative information on the company. The findings of the study imply that apparel industries should make an effort to establish the positive corporate image as well as to produce high quality apparel product. Also marketers should provide consumers with the knowledge about brand new alliance apparel product.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.45-55
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• 2022

Purpose: Consumers' experience of functional attributes is remembered, and the experience lowers the cost of consumers' input from their point of view and reduces uncertainty. It also plays an important role in consumers' positive emotions and responses. Accordingly, if information search costs are reduced in terms of the costs perceived by consumers about restaurants, a strategy differentiated from other companies can be established. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of functional congruence of restaurant stores on information search cost reduction, positive/negative emotions, and loyalty. Research Design, Data, and Methodology: This study investigated functional congruence, information search cost reduction, and positive/negative emotions. The structural relationship between loyalty was analyzed. To verify this, a research hypothesis was established based on previous studies and a research model was constructed. The questionnaire items were modified and used according to the current study, based on previous studies. The data were collected using the questionnaire method from 187 people who had dining out experience. Frequency analysis was performed to confirm demographic characteristics. Reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the collected data were verified. The research model was analyzed with a structural equation modeling (SmartPLS 4). Results: The findings show that functional congruence had significant positive effects on information search cost reduction and positive emotion, but no significant effect on negative emotion. Information search cost reduction had significant positive effects on positive emotion/negative emotion but did not significantly affect loyalty. Lastly, both positive and negative emotions had significant positive effects on loyalty. Conclusion: Based on transaction cost theory, this study found how functional congruence and information search cost reduction influence consumers' emotions. The functional attributes of restaurants were perceived by customers as information, thus uncertainty was decreased. Finally, appropriate management strategies and implications of functional congruence and information search cost in the restaurant were suggested.

• Language and Information
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2010

On the Inherent (non-) Negativity of Negative Sensitive Items. This paper explores the idea that Korean Negative Sensitive Items, which are better viewed as Negative Concord Items (NCIs) (Kim 2001, 2006, Watanabe 2004), should not be construed as inherently negative in spite of the fact that NCIs are able to appear as an elided form without the presence of a negative licenser. Among several diagnostics, which are designed to draw syntactic and semantic distinctions between traditional Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) and NCIs employed in previous studies, the ability of an NCI to appear as a fragment answer raises the question of whether the negativity of NCIs is inherent or not. Contrary to Kim (2001, 2006) and Watanabe (2004), who are in favor of the inherent negativity of NCIs, I claim that non-negative Korean NCIs still need contentful negation to be licensed, and therefore their ability to appear as a fragment answer should be considered as a matter of ellipsis, in support of Giannakidou (2000, 2006). The main argument will be strengthened by the fact that Korean NCIs do not express negative meaning themselves, and that double negation readings are not allowed no matter how many NCIs occur simultaneously.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2002.02a
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• pp.59-68
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• 2002

In this paper, we address two questions concerning negative imperatives in Korean: (i) what is the morpho-syntactic nature of mal in negative imperatives\ulcorner; and (ii) why is it impossible to form negative imperatives with short negation an\ulcorner We will argue that the clause structure of imperatives include a projection of deontic modality and a projection of imperative operator encoding illocutionary force, and that oaf is a lexicalization of long negation and deontic modality. We then propose that a negative imperative with short negation is ruled out because such construction maps onto incoherent interpretation which can be spelled out as I direct you to bring about a negative state or a negative event.

• Language and Information
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.47-57
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• 2009

It has been observed that not all negative polarity items (NPIs) are licensed in the same negative contexts, and different NPIs may be licensed by different negative expressions. This shows that Ladusaw's (1979) downward entailment is not precise enough to account for the distributional patterns of NPIs (van der Wouden, 1997; van der Wouden and Zwarts, 1993; Zwarts, 1986, among others). One well-known attempt to deal with this issue is to divide negative expressions into several subtypes. Using boolean semantics, Zwarts (1986; 1998) distinguishes three kinds of downward entailing licensors and accounts for heterogeneous NPI-licensing conditions by means of the semantic strength of negative expressions. This approach has been adopted to define Korean negation (Nam, 1994; Chung, 1993; Chung, 1997; Hwang, 2009). In this paper, however, we argue that the boolean semantic approach for negation is not adequate in characterizing the properties of Korean negative expressions and explaining the contexts of licensing Korean NPIs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.163-172
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• 2007

This paper examines some syntactic and semantic properties of the negative construction V+bo NP (VbN) in Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM). It finds out that there are ambiguities between an episode reading and a generic reading in VbN construction which require further investigations and explanations. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to account for the ambiguities lying in the negative VbN construction.

• Language and Information
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.42-78
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• 1998

This paper proposes a semantics of the Korean NPI te isang 'anymore', which occurs in negative contexts. The NPI te isang is characterized, in Zwarts's(1990) term, as a strong NPI which requires an anti-additive function as its licensor. It is also noted that te isang is licensed by 'implied negative predicates' such as shilheha-'hate' and phokiha-'give up' only when it occurs within a clausal argument of the implied negative predicates. This fact is accounted for in terms of the function-argument structure and the scope relation between the NPI te isang and the implied negative predicates involved.