• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

We report the simple detection method of the small hydrocarbons, methane and ethane, by continuous-wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy near 1.67 ${\mu}m$ using an external cavity diode laser. The absorption lines of methane between 6002.48 $cm^{-1}$ and 6003.37 $cm^{-1}$ and ethane between 5955.65 $cm^{-1}$ and 5956.4 $cm^{-1}$ have been resolved and employed for the gas detection. The largest absorption cross sections were found to be 6.5$\times10^{-20}cm^2$ and 7.4$\times10^{-21}cm^2$ for methane and ethane, respectively, in each spectral range. The minimum detectable absorption limit of our spectrometer was 4.8${\times}10^{-9}cm^{-1}$/$\sqrt{Hz}$, which corresponds to the detection limits of 3 ppb/$\sqrt{Hz}$ and 27 ppb/$\sqrt{Hz}$ for methane and ethane, respectively. The near-IR continuous-wave cavity ring-down spectroscopic detection method of the small hydrocarbons can be applied for medical diagnosis and environmental monitoring as a fast and convenient method.

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.177-183
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• 2003

In this paper, we initiate the study of some annihilator conditions on polynomials which were used by Kaplansky [Rings of operators. W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York, 1968] to abstract the algebra of bounded linear operators on a Hilbert spaces with Baer condition. On the other hand, p.p.-rings were introduced by Hattori [A foundation of torsion theory for modules over general rings. Nagoya Math. J. 17 (1960) 147-158] to study the torsion theory. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the near-rings with Baer condition and near-rings with p.p. condition which are somewhat different from ring case, and to extend a results of Armendariz [A note on extensions of Baer and P.P.-rings. J. Austral. Math. Soc. 18 (1974), 470-473] and Jøndrup [p.p. rings and finitely generated flat ideals. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 28 (1971) 431-435].

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.601-618
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• 2004

Throughout this paper, we will consider that R is a near-ring and G an R-group. We initiate the study of monogenic, strongly monogenic R-groups, 3 types of nonzero R-groups and their basic properties. At first, we investigate some properties of D.G. (R, S)-groups, faithful R-groups, monogenic R-groups, simple and R-simple R-groups. Next, we introduce modular right ideals, t-modular right ideals and 3 types of primitive near-rings. The purpose of this paper is to investigate some properties of primitive types near-rings and their characterizations.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.43-67
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• 1969

The effect of a circular hole reinforced by a ring of different material in a plate under biaxial loadings is considered. In this problem, an infinitely large flat is assumed. The reinforcing ring is of uniform rectangular cross-section of same thickness as the plate. The outer boundary of the ring is cemented to the inner boundary of the hole in the plate. The plate is subjected to hydrostatic tension and pure shear loadings. The stress distribution around the hole is obtained by means of the two dimensional theory of elasticity. To conform the validities of above solutions, a series of photo-elastic stress analysis for a composite model was carried out. Fair agreements were observed between two sets of values. The conclusions arrived at are as follows: 1) The theoretical solutions are exact ones for the case of infinitely large flat plate. 2) The solutions can be used for most case of engineering problem if the bonding between the plate and ring is perfect. 3) If the ratio of Young's moduli of the ring and the plate is increased, the stresses in the plate decrease whereas those in the ring increase. 4) The stress concentration near the hole has localized effect. 5) Under hydrostatic tension, maximum principal stress and maximum shear stress increase as the ratio of inner and outer diameters of the ring increases. 6) Under pure shear, the stresses depend upon angular orientations of the points and maximum principal stress and maximum shear stress appear at 45 degree. They increase as the ratio of inner and outer diameters of the ring increases.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2007

A wide tree-ring data network from Western Himalayan region as well as from Central and Peninsular India have been established by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, India. This includes several ring width and density chronologies of Himalayan conifers (Pinus, Picea, Cedrus, Abies)covering entire area of Western Himalaya and teak (Tectona grandis L.F.) from central and peninsular India. Many of these chronologies go back to $15^{th}$ century. Tree-ring based reconstructed pre-monsoon (March-April-May) summer climate of Western Himalaya do not show any significant increasing or decreasing trend since past several centuries. High altitude tree-ring chronologies near tree line-glacier boundary are sensitive to the winter temperature. Unprecedented higher growth in recent decades is closely associated with the warming trend over the Himalayan region. Dendroclimatic analysis of teak (Tectona grandis) from Central and Peninsular India show significant relationship with pre-monsoon and monsoon climate. Moisture index over the region indicates strong association with tree-ring variations rather than the direct influence of rainfall. It is evident that, two to three consecutive good monsoon years are capable of maintaining normal or above normal tree growth, even though the following year is low precipitation year.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.305-312
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to compare the relative growth of annual ring width of red pine(Pinus densiflora), black pine(Pinus thunbergii) and pitch pine(Pinus rigida) by means of multiple regression method according to Graybill hypothesis. The obtained results are as follows. 1. The changes of rainfall have affected to tree growth during the periods of 1975 through 1978. 2. Among these pine trees, red pine was mostly influenced by environmental factors. 3. The growth of annual ring width was sensitively responded to the changes of rainfall and air temperature. 4. Among the heavy metals analyzed, the concentrations(ppm) of Lead(Pb) and Copper(Cu) were negatively effected on the growth of annual ring width of pine trees. 5. The analytical technique of annual ring width may be useful for estimation of the pollution in forest areas near industrial complexes.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.18 no.1_2
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• pp.419-430
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• 2005

In this paper, we introduce the notions of ($\in,\;{\in} V q$)-fuzzy subnear-ring, ($\in,\;{\in} V q$)-fuzzy ideal and ($\in,\;{\in}V q$)-fuzzy quasi-ideal of near-rings and find more generalized concepts than those introduced by others. The characterization of such ($\in,\;{\in}V q$)-fuzzy ideals are also obtained.