• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.212-223
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• 2012

Pigments used paintings, ornaments, weapons and various objects have been recognised as important elements to ascertain the history, manufacturing technique and cultural migration. Since the understanding of composition of pigments by analysis began in 1963, its technique and methodology has much advanced in recent years; recent study used the portable X-ray Fluorescence as non-destructive analysis has been practiced in particular. However the study on pigments necessitates overall and systematic research because it is difficult to understand periodical and regional use of pigments. by fractional studies. Therefore this research investigates the coloring materials and painting techniques of the scroll painting depicting preaching scene of Sakyamuni Buddha in Daeungjeon Hall, a main hall of Bulguk temple, through scientific analysis and comparison of various pigments which had been applied to the buddhist paintings of Joseon Dynasty. Consequently, it is confirmed that the scroll painting used pigments of white lead[$2PbCO_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$] for ground layer and used mixture of different pigments such as cinnabar (HgS) minium($Pb_3O_4$) malachite($2CuO{\cdot}CO_2{\cdot}H_2O$) hematite($Fe_2O_3$) gold(Ag) for presenting various colors on the painting layer. It has been also believed that mineral pigments were applied to the scroll painting, yet it is difficult to confirm whether it is natural or synthetic pigments because the crystal structures of pigments were not analyzed. The results of this study, however, provide useful reference data for the understanding of the components of pigments and manufacturing techniques of buddhist scroll paintings, in particular, of Joseon Dynasty.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.93-97
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• 1994

A study of physical and chemical characteristics of pigments from Rhodopseudomonas viridis DSM 133 was carried out for development of natural greenish colorant. Through visible absorption scanning, it showed three main absorption peaks at 378, 414 and 677 nm with three minor peaks at 510, 540 and 618nm, and it was shown to be greenish color. These pigments were more stabilized in alkaline solutions than in acid of between pH 6 and 9, and it was shown to be stabilized at the temperature below $40^{\circ}C$. In the presence of light and oxygen, the stability of pigments rapidly degraded, and it became unstable in the presence of metal ion such as $Fe^{3+}$ and $Al^{3+}$. But in the presence of $Cu^{2+}$ were very stable. On the result of TLC analysis, pigments were shown to be composed of four color fractions and main color fractions were F-4 and F-2.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.253-257
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• 2002

The time-dependent changes of red pigments production in solid-state plant scale fermentor using barley cultured with Monascus sp., instead of rice which was traditionally used, were investigated in this study. A steady increase in the yield of red pigments in barley occurred between the 3rd and 6th days. The optimized conditions (inoculation volume = 6∼8%, initial pH = 6, air supply = 0.6∼0.8 m) promoted the production of red pigments. Short-time steaming of barley (< 20 min) decreased fungal growth and pigments production due to the insufficient gelatiniza-tion. The optical density of the red pigments under the optimized conditions was 120 at 500 ]nm per gram of barley. In addition, the metabolites from the fermented barley with Monucus sp. showed antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Barley was shown to be one of the best grain sources for solid-state fermentation with Monascu sp., fur obtaining natural pigments and also functional food materials.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.233-238
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• 2006

This research confirmed the chemical structure of Curcumine and Carthamin pigments whose pigments were separated and refined from the Curcuma longa and Carthamus Tinctorious which were natural dye using FT-IR, HPLC and so on. The cotton and the silk fabrics were dyed using a main pigment and then this research obtained the conclusion as it follows. The curcumine, the main pigment of Curcuma longa extracted from the mixed solvent of acetic anhydride and methanol ($CH_3OH$), had the maximum absorption wavelength at 504.0 nm and was confirmed as yellow natural pigment. The Carthamin, the main pigment of Carthamus Tinctorious extracted from the mixed solvent of dichloromethane and methanol, had the maximum absorption wavelength at 420.0nm. This pigment was confirmed as yellow natural pigment. The dyeing property of the main pigment about the silk fabrics was superior to that about the cotton in both the Curcuma longa and Carthamus Tinctorious, and the dyeing property of Carthamus Tinctorious was superior to that of Curcuma longa.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.113-115
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of the natural and the synthetic commercial pigments on the laying performance, pigmentation and fatty acid contents in egg Yolk of laying hens. Feed intake, egg production, egg weight and feed efficiency did not have significant difference(p〈0.05) in experiments I and II. White height and haugh unit did not have significant difference(p〈0.05) in two experiments. In order to approach the yolk pigmentation to 12∼13 of Roche color fan, addition level of natural red pigment was 25∼30 ppm. In the case of synthetic red pigment, the level was 15∼20 ppm. In this experimental condition, the pigmenting effect of the synthetic pigment had better than that of the natural pigment. In the experiment 2, the Pigmenting effect of mixing Pigments were inveatigated between TM2 mixed with natural red pigment, and TM6 mixed with synthesis red pigment. The fatty acid content in yolk was not affected by pigment addition.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.134-139
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• 1999

The characteristics of anthocyanin pigments extracted from cherry(Prunus serrulata L. var. spontanea Max. Wils.) were investigated at the various conditions, such as light, temperature, organic acid, metal ion and pH. The pigments were fairly stable under the sunlight during the 20 days storage period at room temperature. The pigments covered with the Al-foil, as well as red, blue, green and yellow films, were very stable at pH 2.5. The high thermal stability (over the 64% at $115^{\circ}C$, 30 min) of the pigments in the dark at pH 2.5 was also found. In the presence of organic acid, the hyperchromic effect of red color was greatly increased in the dark at $25^{\circ}C$. Addition of metal ion, such as $Na^+,\;K^+,\;Mg^{2+},\;Ca^{2+}\;and\;Mn^{2+}$, was contributed on the stability in color at pH 2.5 throughout 20 days storage period in the dark at $25^{\circ}C$. However, $Cu^{2+}\;and\;Fe^{3+}$ caused the rapidly degradation of pigments, and $Al^{3+}$ converted red color to blueish violet. The hyperchromic effect of the red color increased, as pH decreased. Therefore, these results indicated that cherry anthocyanin pigments might be used as the potential sources of natural red colorant for foods.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.989-1002
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• 2022

Cephalopods, in particular octopus (Octopus vulgaris), have the ability to alter their appearance or body pattern by showing a wide range of camouflage by virtue of their chromatophores, which contain nanostructured granules of ommochrome pigments. Recently, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ommochromes have become of great interest; therefore, in this study, the pH-dependent redox effect of the extraction solvent on the antioxidant potential and the structural characterization of the pigments were evaluated. Cell viability was determined by the microdilution method in broth by turbidity, MTT, resazurin, as well as fluorescence microscopy kit assays. A Live/Dead Double Staining Kit and an ROS Kit were used to elucidate the possible inhibitory mechanisms of ommochromes against bacterial and fungal strains. The results obtained revealed that the redox state alters the color changes of the ommochromes and is dependent on the pH in the extraction solvent. Natural phenoxazinone (ommochromes) is moderately toxic to the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Candida albicans, while the species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens, and the filamentous fungi Aspergillus parasiticus, Alternaria spp. and Fusarium verticillioides, were tolerant to these pigments. UV/visible spectral scanning and Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) suggest the presence of reduced ommatin in methanol/ HCl extract with high intrinsic fluorescence.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.105-112
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of antioxidant enzyme activity and radical scavenging activities of thirteen kinds of natural plant pigments. The analytic method of antioxidant activities were measured by estimating DPPH free radical scavenging and nitrite scavenging ability activity. The free radical scavenging activity by method using stable free radical DPPH was the highest in the red cabbaged pigment. Addition of ethanol extract 1mg/ml from onion peel pigment displayed remarkable effect on nitrite scavenging ability about 91.9%. Antioxidative enzyme activity was evaluated in terms of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase(APX) activity. The bitter melon pigment had the highest SOD activity of 87.3%. The activities of CAT and APX were higher in the mulberry leave pigment compared with other natural plant pigments. In contrast, CAT activity of plant pigment samples were unaffected. These results suggest that natural plant pigment had the potent biological activities such as antioxidant enzyme activities, and that their activities exhibited differently depending on each kind of pigments.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.239-246
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• 1990

Monascus anka strains with higher pigment production were developed using UV mutation and natural selection. To obtain organic solvent soluble pigments from Monascus anka, the following culture conditions were compared : standing and shaking culture with Nishikawa's medium, and shaking culture with Lin's medium. Shaking culture in Lin's medium exhibited decrease in solvent-soluble intracellular pigments after initial increase. The decrease was accompanied by the increase in water-soluble extracellular pigments. Monascus anka preferred sucrose and ethanol among 7 carbon sources tested. Treatment of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors, $({\pm})$-miconazole and chlorocholine chloride(CCC) , directed carbon pool to the biosynthetic pathway leading to the pigments with CCC's more pronounced effect. Two dimensional TLC revealed at least 7 yellow pigments suggesting existence of hereto unreported pigment. One of the most abundant yellow pigments was isolated and found to be ankaflavin by NMR and MS analysis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2022

Various dietary pigments are added to processed foods to improve their sensory and commercial properties. In this study, autoclave sterilization (121℃ for 15 min at 15 psi) was performed on 34 food pigments, and changes in their color stability and antioxidant activity were analyzed. The autoclaving process drastically reduced the peak color intensities of water-soluble paprika and beet red (BR) by ~90%. Turmeric oleoresin (TO), water-soluble β-carotene, and grape skin color were also unstable and showed a remaining color intensity of 45-60%. The colors of all the synthetic pigments tested were stable under this process. The scavenging activities of BR and paprika against ABTS, DPPH, and AAPH radicals decreased significantly, whereas those of TO were enhanced after the autoclaving treatment. The results suggest that the chemical and bioactive properties of certain dietary pigments are affected by the autoclaving process, and this phenomenon should be considered during food processing.