• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.43-58
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• 2011

This paper is performed to study for the plants ecosystems for the rural community forest of designated as natural monument. In addition, it is also proposed the plan of the rural community forest's conservation and restoration for avoiding to the destroy of indiscriminate development such as land-use, cultivation. The rural community forest is a mirror that reflect the regional culture and history, as well as environment. According to this view, undoubtedly, we need to recognise the formative background of rural community forest, the relations between the environment around and the characteristic of plants ecosystem comprehensively. For the purpose of proposing to the plan of rural village forests' conservation and restoration, therefore, this study is: 1) reviews the previous research and ancient documents, and 2) surveys the vegetation structure and the growing conditions in rural village forest directly.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.28-55
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• 2010

Currently, the natural monument system of Korea for naming and designation of natural monuments is based on "Chosun Natural Monument Conservation Acts for Treasure, Ancient Landmark, and Natural Beauty" enacted in 1934 during Japanese colonization period. The framework of natural monument system is still in effect, which is pointed out as a problem. The Dangsan forests and Bibo forests are Korean traditional cultural resources representing countryside of Korea. Cultural Heritage Administration follows and relies on the 'Limsu of Chosun' (1938), a report written by a Japanese, for naming and classification of natural monuments. A Dangsan forest at Yesong-ri was named "Yesong-ri evergreen forest" in 1938. They followed the naming system of "evergeen forest" until today. The objective of this study is to review the issues and problems of 'Limsu of Chosun' and natural monument naming system begun during Japanese occupation period, and suggest an alternative to the current situation where naming natural monument accordingly without discretion. Eighteen dangsan forests bibo forests were selected for examination and analysis. The names of the dangsan forests bibo forests were evaluated to find out whether various aspects of the forests are reflected in the name. The study suggests that many forests and old trees designated as natural monument should be named as "~Dangsan forest", "~Dangsan forest Bibo forest", or "~Dangsan tree" with consistency accordingly. The new names will bring a momentum to overcome the limitation of natural monument naming system continued since Japanese occupation period, and also enhance the value of Dangsan forests and Bibo forests as Korean traditional and cultural landscapes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.4
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• pp.408-416
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• 2017

This study describes DNA fingerprinting analysis of twenty-three natural monument individuals of Ginkgo biloba using eight microsatellite markers. The average number of observed alleles was 6.875, and the expected heterozygosity and the observed heterozygosity were 0.711 and 0.710, respectively. This results were similar to those of the previous studies on Ginkgo trees analyzed by same markers in China and Japan. PIC value and PD were calculated at 0.677 and 0.9999 respectively, indicating a high individual identification efficiency. In fact, all of the natural monument ginkgo trees and additionally analyzed thirteen general ginkgo tress were identified by genotype comparison. PI and PD calculated in three markers (Ging06, Gb60, Gb61) with the highest PIC values calculated in natural monument ginkgo trees were $8.045{\times}10^{-5}$ and 99.99%, respectively. Thus, these three markers could be preferentially used in DNA fingerprinting for identifying ginkgo tree individuals. The results in this study will be useful for management of natural monument ginkgo trees, proliferation of their progeny and genetic identification of individuals selected in breeding process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.172-179
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• 2010

This study was conducted to establish a management plan for the Songrim woodland restoration by analyzing the site characteristics of the Songrim Woodland Natural Monument (Natural Monument 445) in Hadong-Gun, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Korea. The Songrim woodland was a pure pine forest. To stimulate the growth of sub-trees or mid- story vegetation in both a non-rest year forest and a rest year forest, it is recommended to take a silvicultural practices such as pruning because canopy of over-story trees was closely covered. The Songrim woodland in the non-rest year forest severely competed among individual trees of DBH classes of 60 cm and height of 18 m, while the woodland in the rest-year forest competed with DBH classes of 62 cm and height of 10 m, respectively. Soil physical property such as soil hardness, soil pore space rates, and pF 2.7 was restored following the rest-year forest designation. Mean salt concentration in the Songrim woodland soils was 0.006%. The result suggests that it is needed to take a study to prevent the salt inputs to conserve the Songrim woodland.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.173-184
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• 2010

This study was conducted to establish a management plan for the Sangrim Woodlands restoration by analyzing the vegetation survey and the site characteristics of the Sangrim Woodlands Natural Monument (Natural Monument 154) in Hamyang-Gun, Gyoungsangnam-Do, Korea. According to the vegetation analysis, the species diversity by the location of Sangrim was higher near forest (1.000) than near urban (0.358) areas. Although forest occupied 53% of the Sangrim woodlands area, it is still insufficient, requiring to transform arable land, lawn, or house areas to the forest within the woodlands. Soil bulk density was increased in access areas frequently used by public, while it was decreased in closed areas. Soil hardness at 0-10 cm soil depth was generally improved in the closed areas, while became worse in the public access areas compared with the soil hardness in 2004.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

This study was conducted to establish a management plan for the Sangrim Woodlands restoration by analyzing the site characteristics of the Sangrim Woodlands Natural Monument(Natural Monument 154) in Hamyang-Gun, Gyoungsangnam-Do, Korea. Site preparation to enhance soil aeration should be applied because soil bulk density in all study sites was higher than soil compaction of natural forest soil area. Herbaceous plants could be introduced to hard soil strength for restoration of areas compacted by visitors. Also, visitors around forest areas should be restricted to enhance natural soil restoration. Soil pH in the Sangrim Woodlands was between 4.18 and 4.90. The values were lower than pH 5.34 of Korean forest soil originated from metamorphic parent materials. Lime fertilizer could be applied to reduce soil acidification in the woodlands. Short and long-term management plans such as periodical fertilizations to improve plant growth should be established to restore the Sangrim Woodlands which have high soil compaction, low soil pH and organic matter content.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.959-966
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• 2015

A natural monument is designated and protected as a natural or natural/cultural feature of outstanding or unique value because of its aesthetic qualities or cultural significance. However, in recent years, a natural monument plays a role in satisfying the cultural desire of people. For this reason, the main purpose of this study was to investigate public awareness of natural monuments and to evaluate the attitudes towards nature the visitors to Naejang national park displayed. This study also examined the differences in visitors' level of attitudes towards nature according to their awareness of natural monuments. Population of Macropodous Daphniphyllum (Natural Monument No. 91) and Forest of Japanese Torreyas at Baegyangsa Temple, Jangseong (Natural Monument No. 153) are present in large numbers in Naejang national park. For the research, 240 Naejang national park visitors were surveyed to collect data. Results of this study indicated that fewer than 50% of visitors displayed an appropriate awareness of natural monuments. There were also significant differences in attitudes towards nature according to visitors' awareness of natural monuments. In particular, visitors' awareness of the population of Macropodous Daphniphyllum was relatively lower when compared to that on Forest of Japanese Torreyas at Baegyangsa Temple. In addition, visitors who had a high level of awareness about natural monuments and thought that natural monuments had high cultural value displayed more positive attitudes than those who didn't have good levels of awareness. Based on these findings, this study suggests policy changes to establish development plans of the natural monuments in this area.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.122-137
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to present the characteristics of tree growth and the status of the ecosystem in Yeongdeok Docheon-ri Docheon forest, which was designated as Natural Monument No. 514. Results showed that most of the soil properties were generally within desirable levels except for some properties. The forest was composed of 503 trees. Major trees included Zelkova serrata, Celtis sinensis, Cornus walteri, Diospyros lotus, Hemiptelea davidii, and Evodia daniellii. In particular, trees such as Zelkova serrata, Celtis sinensis, and Cornus walteri showed D.B.H ranging from 10cm to 70cm. These trees appeared to be major tree species since the beginning of Docheon forest's existence. The wild birds observed from the site were from 18 families, 20 species, and 95 individuals. Also were found 1 mammal species, 1 reptile species, and 1 amphibian species. A dead Aix galericulata (designated Natural Monument No. 327) was found in the forest. The annual tree diameter growth of the sample trees was 2.3mm per year on average. The average age of the overstory trees was approximately 101 years, and the oldest tree was estimated to be 300~400 years old.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2013

In this study, based on a natural monument forest research by Camellia japonica L. Forest appointed as a natural monument located environment and growth environment and the soil environment, Camellia japonica L. Forest soil in order to analyze effects of soil in Camellia japonica L. Forest correlation analysis the results can be summarized as follows: First, a natural monument Camellia japonica L. forest located on the foot of a mountain valley or within the stream, a lot of sunshine southeast, east, and south in the direction of the share due to external factors, making it a good, but, $15{\sim}30^{\circ}$ of distributed in the soil slopes in the slope there is a risk of loss are appearing. Second, the growth of the Status of Camellia japonica L. forest represents the distribution of the uneven-aged forest diameter class. but increases the density of the upper forest trees Camellia japonica L. occurred in lower saplings do not have growth. The width of crown diameter class caused a narrow oppressed tree, the average tree height in the 8.09m, camellia in common was lower than that of tree height, variation diameter class in the width of crown distribution severe low correlations were analyzed. Third, the natural monument Camellia japonica L. forest soil composition, properties of soil pH, etc. 10 entries were analyzed components of the soil. In summary analysis properties of soil, soil pH, calcium, organic matter, magnesium was good and potassium content was insufficient, nitrogen and phosphorus were excess. Fourth, the growth condition of Camellia japonica L. forest and soil physicochemical properties, the results of the correlation analysis. magnesium, calcium, nitrogen affects the growth of Camellia japonica L. forest. Other seven kinds of items showed no effect on growth. Current Status and Future Growth of Camellia japonica L. forest soil and soil environments as well as the relationship between, Camellia Forest Factors affecting the growth of the state in terms of long-term ecological research and conservation status of settled Camellia japonica L. forest research for building materials there will be continued.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.532-540
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• 2018

Importance-performance analysis (IPA) is a simple and effective technique that can assist practitioners in prioritizing customer attributes to enhance service quality and visitor's satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to use the IPA-Kano model to examine the correlation of visitor's satisfaction and management matters and deduce the management priority. It classifies 14 visiting satisfaction attributes into basic factors (forest environments and staff/information center), performance factors (the natural landscape, trail facilities, forest status, easy access, and historical and cultural resources), and excitement factors (the value of natural monument, educational experiences, and entrance fee) to select the management priority according to the achievement (satisfaction). The management priority according to the performance is staff/information center > easy access > forest environment > trail facilities, historical and cultural resources, forest status, and natural landscape > entrance fee and educational experience > value of natural monument. By considering their performance, it further identifies development priorities for visitor's satisfaction improvement. These priorities allow local governments to deploy scarce resources to improve satisfaction.