• 한국의류학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.600-606
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• 1997

The dyeing with loess has been studied. Two kinds of cotton fabrics having different thickness and density were dyed in loess paste bath. The color differences of the fabrics which were dyed repeatedly.five times were not significant. The dyeing of cotton fabrics with loess was not exactly reproducible, but dyeability of the cotton fabrics of high density was better than that of low density. Loess on the dye6 fabrics was physically jammed between the fibers in the form of the fine particles. The cotton fabrics dyed with loess have good light fastness, but their laundering fastness and abrasion fastness were not good. An aftertreatment was carried out by using the extracted solution from acorn or persimon, and FeSO4 lot improving fastness. When the dyed fabrics was after-treated with FeSO4, the laundering fastness and wet abrasion fastness were improved extremely.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1205-1219
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• 2010

This study analyzes the conditions and products of internet shopping malls that sell natural dyeing products. In this study, 98 natural dyeing internet shopping malls were selected. The results of this study are as follows. The locations of the internet shopping malls were Gyeonggi-do, Seoul, Jeollanam-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gwang-ju (city), Daegu (city), Busan (city), Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeju-do. The most frequent dyes of the natural dyeing products were loess, followed by charcoal, indigo, and persimmon. Indigo was most frequently used in Seoul, with loess and charcoal most frequent in Gyeonggi-do. Persimmon, indigo, loess, and charcoal were mainly used in Jeollanam-do, with persimmon and loess in the Gyeongsangbuk-do, and persimmon in Jeju-do. The highest ordered product categories were accessories, followed by adult clothing, interior decoration products, and bedding. The most frequent products were bedclothes, followed by scarves, female shirts, blouses, pillows, female jackets, and vests. Regarding the price of products, 150,000-200,000 won was the highest for the Saenghwal Hanbok, with 10,000-30,000 won for underwear, 30,000-60,000 won for accessories, and 100,000-150,000 won for bedding. Concerning product information, 58.2% of internet shopping malls offer the product size and almost half of them did not show the properties or directions for handling the product. Based on the research results, the problems of the conditions and products of natural dyeing internet shopping mall were derived. The results show that the natural dyes of internet shopping malls lacked regional symbolism, the products were not specialized, and product information was not fully offered to consumers. To solve these problems, the strategies for marketing the promotion of the natural dyeing internet shopping mall were, ‘Using natural dyes from local resources’, ‘Market oriented and specialized item design’, and ‘Offer right product information’.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.327-332
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of chitosan treatment on the dyeing of cotton fabric specimens using loess as colorants. The wet pick up ratio of the chitosan acid solution, as well as the drying condition after the padding of the fabric specimens, was changed in order to study the loess uptake on the fabric. The average particle diameter of the loess was measured. Main components of the loess were $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, and $Fe_2O_3$. By the chitosan treatment, the loess amount on the cotton fabric increased. 80% wet pick up ratio of the chitosan acid solution on the cotton fabric specimen allowed more stable and even adhesion of the loess on the fabric surface, compared to the cases of 100% and 120% wet pick up ratio.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.706-712
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• 1999

해수 중에서 자연상태의 황토입자의 침강특성에 관한 연구의 요약은 다음과 같다. 1. 2,000mg/$\ell$ 황토용액에 대한 PSD 곡선은 0 min. 침강시간에서 정규분포곡선을 나타내었고 평균입도는 31.6$\mu$m, 변동계수는 $75,6\%$로써 매우 광범위한 입도의 분포상태를 보여 주었다. 그러나 침강시간이 경과함에 따라 비정규분포곡선의 양상을 나타내었다. 한편 무게누적분포곡선에서 거의 $100\%$의 입자가 20$\mu$m 보다 큰 입자로 구성되어 있었다. 2. 해수 중에서 황토입자에 대한 $V_s/(D_{bm})^{1/2}$ 비의 값은 입자의 크기가 증가함에 따라 기하급수적으로 증가하였으며, 1 $\mu$m 입자를 중심으로 이 이상은 $V_s$ 가 $(D_{bm})^{1/2}$보다 크고 이 미만은$(D_{bm})^{1/2}$이 $V_s$ 보다 큰 값을 나타내었다. 20$\mu$m 크기의 입자에 대하여 $V_s/(D_{bm})^{1/2}$ 비의 값은 2,355이었다. 3. 해수 중에서 황토입자는 매우 엷은 EDL 두께 (0.4$\mu$m)를 나타냄으로써 EDL repulsive force가 거의 존재하지 않았으며, 상호 접근하는 황토입자는 모든 간격에서 LVDW attractive force가 EDL repulsive force보다 큰 값을 나타내어 항상 용이하게 floc을 형성할 수밖에 없는 조건에 있었다. 4. 해수 중의 황토입자의 $V_s/(D_{bm})^{1/2}$ 비의 값과 total interaction energy로부터 자연상태의 황토입자는 해수 중에서 외부의 강력한 전단력이 없이는 매우 확산되기 어려운 상태에 있으며, 조류의 수평운동이 적은 내만에서는 입자의 물리적 거동은 침강에 의하여 지배되는 것으로 나타났다. 5. 2,000mg/$\ell$ 황토용액에 대한 침강실험에서 대략 $22.5\%$의 황토는 격렬한 교반에도 불구하고 즉시 침강하였다. 황토농도가 400, 2,000, 10,000mg/$\ell$으로 증가함에 따라 침강특성은 개별입자침강(Type I settling or discrete settling)에서 응결침강(Type II settling or flocculation settling)의 상태로 바뀌었다. 이것은 실제 해양에서 황토입자들 끼리 floc을 형성할 정도로 많은 양의 황토를 적절한 분산장치 없이 살포하는 것은 지양해야 하며 동시에 동일한 농도의 황토용액도 살포방법에 따라 분산의 크기가 달라질 수 있음을 의미하는 것이다. 6. PVD 그래프로부터 자연상태의 황토는 급격하게 침강하는 입자와 장시간 부유하며 천천히 침강하는 입자로 구성되어 있었고 후자의 양이 전자의 양에 비하여 매우 적은 상태로 나타났다. 7. 황토를 이용하여 적조를 효과적으로 제거하기 위해서는 자연상태의 황토를 그대로 사용하기보다는 (1) 미세한 입자상태로 분쇄하고, (2) 적절한 살포장비와 분산장비를 사용하여 해수 중에서 황토입자가 넓게 부유 분산하여 적조생물과 충분한 충돌을 일으키도록 해야한다. 이것은 적어도 황토입자를 이용하여 적조를 응집 제거하려고 할 경우 피할 수 없는 기본적 원리가 되며 동시에 황토 사용량을 줄일 수 있는 하나의 방법이 된다. 8. 일반적으로 입자의 크기는 응집 및 흡착반응에 매우 중요한 인자가 된다. 황토입자는 크기가 작을수록 용이하게 분산시킬 수 있으며 더욱 효과적으로 Cochlodinium 적조를 제거할 수 있다. 실제로 어떤 황토입자의 크기가 적조 제거에 효과적인가는 현장실험을 통하여 침강속도, 수평분산범위, 적조제거효율 등을 조사하여 반드시 결정하여야 한다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.552-559
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• 2008

Recent days, various inner wears, sheets and interior goods are manufactured using materials dyed with loess emphasizing its improved blood circulation, metabolism, anti-bacterial, deodorizing properties, and far-infrared ray emissions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of chitosan treatment on the dyeing of cotton fabric using loess as colorants. Particle size of loess, the morphology and dyeability(K/S) of chitosan crosslinked cotton fabrics, and washing durability of loess dyed cotton fabric were investigated. In this study, cotton fabrics were treated with a crosslinking agent, epichlorohydrin, in the presence of chitosan to improve the dyeing properties of cotton fabrics with natural dye by the chemical linking of chitosan to the cellulose structure. This process was applied by means of the conventional mercerizing process. The results obtained were as follows; Mean average diameter of loess was $1.13{\mu}m$. According to various conditions, the optimum dyeing conditions for cotton fabrics pretreated by 1% chitosan treatment was where 10%(owb) of loess was applied at $90^{\circ}C$ for 120minutes, while for cotton fabrics without chitosan treatment was where 15%(owb) of loess was applied at $90^{\circ}C$ for 150minutes. Overall, K/S value of loess dyed cotton fabric pretreated with 1% chitosan was higher than that of cotton fabrics without chitosan treatment. The Color fastness, washing fastness and light fastness of loess were excellent as 4-5grade.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.118-122
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• 2000

Dyeing properties of silk fabric with loess were studied by investigating the effect of dyeing conditions, such as concentration of loess, dyeing temperature and time, on dye uptakes. And also the effects of mordant and mordanting methods on color change and dye uptakes were inverstigated. For the practical use, the various color fastness of dyed fabric were evaluated. The dye uptakes of dyed fabric were increased gradually with increasing concentration of loess, dyeing time and temperature. The K/S value of dyed fabric most efficient for the premordanting method. The color fastness was improved when mordants were added.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2015

The present study was undertaken to evaluate effects of eco-friendly underwears(three kinds of natural dying underwears) in patients with atopic dermatitis. We recruited 45 patients with atopic dermatitis admitted to Dongshin Oriental Hospital from August to September 2013. These patients were divided into three groups (A, B and C). Each group include 15 patients and three kinds of natural underwears dyed with polygonum tinctorium, loess, and non-dyed general cotton were given, respectively. We also used SCORAD index and digital infrared thermal imaging to investigate the effects of each eco-friendly underwear in patients with atopic dermatitis. In SCORAD index, Group A after wearing loess-dyed underwears for 4 weeks showed statistically significant reduction to 27.96 (P<0.05) compared to 34.20 before wearing loess-dyed underwears. In Group B after wearing polygonum tinctorium-dyed underwears for 4 weeks, SCORAD index and objective severity assessment were markedly reduced into 22.97 (P<0.01) and 18.17 (P<0.01) compared to 35.95 and 27.89 before wearing polygonum tinctorium.-dyed underwears, respectively. In Group C after wearing general cotton (non-dyed) underwears for 4 weeks, there was statistically no difference in SCORAD index, objective severity assessment and body temperature between before and after wearing general cotton (non-dyed) underwears. Taken together, polygonum tinctorium-dyed underwears used to patients with atopic dermatitis shows significant amelioration in atopic symptoms than loess-dyed underwears as well as general cotton (non-dyed) underwears.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.530-535
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• 2011

본 연구는 호소의 부영양화의 원인물질인 인을 효과적으로 제거하고자 개발된 알루미늄-황토 및 란타늄-황토 복합체의 흡착 특성을 평가 하였다. 연구 결과 황토 1 g에 주입된 알루미늄과 란타늄 양이 증가할수록 결합된 양이 비례하여 증가하였다. 알루미늄과 란타늄이 첨가되지 않은 황토와 0.5, 1, 2 mg의 알루미늄과 0.5, 1, 3 mg의 란타늄이 첨가된 복합체를 사용한 경우에 인 제거효율이 다르게 나타났다. 수중의 인 1 mg $PO_4^{3-}$-P/L를 모두 제거하는데 요구되는 양은 알루미늄-황토 복합체가 순수 황토에 비하여 약 2~10배 적은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 란타늄-황토의 경우에는 약 1.5~10배 적게 요구되었다. 제조된 알루미늄-황토, 란타늄-황토 복합체를 수세한 후에 인 흡착 정도를 관찰하기 위하여 복합체를 1~3회까지 수세한 후 결과를 관찰하였는데 수세전과 비교하여 인 제거효율 차이는 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. pH에 따른 영향은 pH 5~8에서 높은 인 제거율을 보임으로써 개발된 복합체는 일반 자연수계에 살포시 탁월한 인 제거 효능을 보일 것으로 판단된다. 또한 제조된 알루미늄-황토 및 란타늄-황토 복합체는 30분 이내에 빠르게 침전되기 때문에 호소 바닥에서 빠른 시간 내에 안정화 되어 수중의 인과 퇴적층에서 용출되는 인 제어를 담당할 것으로 사료된다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.339-345
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• 2014

This study analyzes and compares Hanji made with loess to Hanji made with kaolin, two yellow-based inorganic pigments, in terms of its physical properties, optical properties, and color fastness to light with the aim of using it as a fashion material. Hanji made by adding inorganic pigments showed an approximately 20% retention ratio on average. This figure was similar to those of loess and kaolin. Physical properties were analyzed, with the following results. A higher amount of additives lowered the apparent density and increased thickness and bulk. In general, inorganic pigment-added Hanji had lower tensile strength, bursting strength, and folding endurance compared to non-additive Hanji. The analysis of optical properties showed a lower brightness index for Hanji made with inorganic pigments compared to non-additive Hanji. When comparing the two inorganic pigments, the brightness of Hanji made with kaolin was higher. Regarding color fastness to light, loess showed level 4 and kaolin showed level 5 when 25% inorganic pigments on pulp were added to Hanji. Thus, Hanji made by adding inorganic pigments during the manufacturing process may perform well as materials for fashion because the additives enhanced both the color fastness to light and the bulk while maintaining the strength. In addition, Hanji dyed with inorganic pigments may have the potential to serve as materials for the fashion industry while still retaining the characteristics of Hanji.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.713-721
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• 2012

강이나 호수로 유입되는 인(P)이 종종 부영양화의 가장 큰 제한요소로 작용한다. 그런데 하수처리장의 방류수가 자연수계에 인의 중요한 공급처로 작용하는 경우가 많기 때문에 하수처리장의 최종 처리수에서 인의 제거가 요구된다. 하수에서 인을 제거할 수 있는 많은 기술 중에서, 활성 칼슘-황토의 복합체를 이용한 흡착기술을 연구하였다. 칼슘을 황토에 첨가하여 인의 흡착 용량과 흡착강도를 증가시켰다. 칼슘을 첨가한 황토를 최적 온도로 밝혀진 $400^{\circ}C$의 고온에서 활성화시켰다. $400^{\circ}C$ 미만에서 활성화시킨 칼슘-황토는 하수처리 공정의 활성칼슘-황토 복합체를 이용한 처리조에 적용하기엔 강도가 부족하였다. 반면 $400^{\circ}C$ 초과 온도에서 활성화시킨 칼슘-황토 복합체는 복합체 표면이 유리화되어 흡착용량이 감소하였다. 활성칼슘-황토 복합체는 표면에 충분한 기공이 발달하지 못하여 인의 흡착용량에 한계는 있으나 칼슘을 첨가하였기 때문에 흡착강도는 높았다. 활성칼슘-황토는 입자형 복합체로 만들어졌다. 제조된 복합체를 흡착칼럼에 채워 하수처리공정에 적용하였다. 활성칼슘-황토의 복합체를 충진한 칼럼을 파일롯트 플랜트에 적용한 결과 0.5 mg/l의 인의 농도를 0.1 mg/l로 낮출 수 있었고, 이온성 인을 4개월의 운전기간 동안 완전하게 흡착시켜 제거할 수 있었다.