• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.97-106
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• 2014

This study proposes an efficient method to model various and diverse leaves required to express digital plants such as flowers and trees in virtual landscape easily and intuitively. The proposed procedural method divides a leaf mainly into a blade and vein thereby detecting contours from binary images that correspond to blades and generating leaves by modeling leaf veins procedurally based on the detected contours. First of all, a complicated leaf vein structure is divided into main veins, lateral veins, and tertiary vein while all veins grow procedurally directing from start auxin to destination auxin. Here, to calculate destination auxin required for growth automatically, approximated contours from binary images that correspond to blades are found thereby calculating candidate destination auxin. Finally, natural digital leaves are generated by applying a color combination method. Through the proposed method, natural and various leaves can be generated and whether the proposed method is efficient or not is verified through the experiment.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.246-255
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• 2017

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the resource allocation among the organs and the leaf morphology of Polygonatum humile. The data were collected from June 2014 to May 2015 in a natural P. humile stand of a temperate forest gap. Results: The dry weight of new rhizome ($R_0$) sharply decreased to the time of new shoot sprouting in next year and was constant for 2 ~ 3 years. However, dry weight of root on $R_0$ increased to the end of growth season and, thereafter, decreased slowly along the time elapsed. The correlation coefficients between the rhizome and the leaf sizes were 0.5 for the last year's rhizome ($R_1$) and 0.6 for $R_0$ and were significant at 0.1% level for $R_0$. The increase of one leaf a plant led to increase of the total leaf area, total leaf weight, and stem length. Moreover, the organ sizes' differences between two plants of the one leaf difference were almost significant at 1% level. In 11-leaf plant, the leaf length/width ratio and specific lea area increased to the second, relative leaf area to the fourth and relative leaf dry weight to the fifth, and thereafter, decreased to the last leaf. The differences in the values of these four parameters between two leaves on a stem were almost significant at 5% level. Conclusion: P. humile examined showed the close relationships between the last year's rhizome or this year's one and the shoot system (leaf and stem) sizes. The leaf number a shoot greatly influenced specific leaf area. P. humile's leaf might showed diverse morphology with leaf rank on a stem in a forest gap environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 1991

The moisture contents of threshed leaf tobacco during aging storage were very important factor for the improvement or deterioration of leaf quality. Decay and carbonization of leaf tobacco were mainly controlled by moisture contents during storage. The influence of moisture contents on the decay and carbonization of threshed leaf tobacco (Flue-Cured, Var. NC 82. AB3O-1 grade) were examined during 1 year. The moisture contents of leaf tobacco were treated to 3 kg as 12% (controle), 16%, 20% and 24% after redrying, respectively, These tobacco were put into center of carton box containing about 200kg with 12%'s tobacco, and then packed and stored from June, 1988 under natural weather condition in warehouse at Ock-Cheon threshing plant. Samples were taken from dissected carton box at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7 and 12 months after moisture treatment and Racking time, and some chemical properties were investigated at every sampling time. In results of inducement to decay and carbonization of leaf tobaccos during 1 year's storage by moisture treatment. decayed leaf was appeared but carbonized leaf did not. Calorification and decayed leaf occurred at high moisture contents above 20%, and these phenomena were appeared between 30 and 150 days after moisture treatment and packing. High moisture content leaves (above 20%) caused nearby other leaves to be sunk with high moisture content. Nicotine and calcium contents were increased to 20%~30% and 10%~22%, respectively, but total sugar contents was decreased to 40%~60% by moisture treatment(20% ~24% ).

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2016

The main areas for field-grown vegetable production in Iran were surveyed during the years of 2012-2014 to determine the occurrence of begomoviruses infecting these crops. A total of 787 leaf samples were collected from vegetables and some other host plants showing virus-like symptoms and tested by an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using polyclonal antibodies produced against Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). According to the ELISA results, 81 samples (10.3%) positively reacted with the virus antibodies. Begomovirus infections were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using previously described TYLCV-specific primer pair TYLCV-Sar/TYLCV-Isr or universal primer pair Begomo-F/Begomo-R. The PCR tests using the primer pair TYLCV-Sar/TYLCV-Isr resulted in the amplification of the expected fragments of ca. 0.67-kb in size for ELISA-positive samples tested from alfalfa, pepper, spinach and tomato plants, confirming the presence of TYLCV. For one melon sample, having a week reaction in ELISA and no reaction in PCR using TYLCV-specific primers, the PCR reaction using the primer pair Begomo-F/Begomo-R resulted in the amplification fragments of the expected size of ca. 2.8 kb. The nucleotide sequences of the DNA amplicons derived from the isolate, Kz-Me198, were determined and compared with other sequences available in GenBank. BLASTN analysis confirmed the begomovirus infection of the sample and showed 99% identities with Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV); phylogenetic analysis supported the results of the database searches. This study reports the natural occurrence of TYLCV in different hosts in Iran. Our results also reveal the emergence of ToLCNDV in Iranian cucurbit crops.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 1994

Myrosinase in leaf mustard was purified and characterized to furnish a grounding information for utilizing the pungent taste and the potential antimicrobial capability of Dolsan leaf mustard to enhance the taste and storage life of kimchi. When myrosinase was purified from leaf mustard through a series of DEAE Sephadex, chromatofocusing and Con A Sepharose column chromatography, specific activity of the enzyme increased 7107-fold compared with that of crude enzyme preparation, and 18.8% yield was obtained. The purified myrosinase showed the optimum pH of 5.9, isoelectric point of 4.6, molecular weight of 129 kD, Km of 0.206 mM, and Vmax of $2.039\;{\mu}M{\cdot}min^{-1}{\cdot}mg\;protein^{-1}$, respectively. The optimum concentration of L-ascorbic for the maximum activity of the enzyme was 0.6 mM, and the enzyme activity decreased at a higher concentration of L-ascorbic acid than 0.6 mM, showing almost no enzyme activity at a L-ascorbic acid concentration of higher than 2.0 mM. Myrosinase activity in leaf mustard kimchi immediately after the kimchi was formulated was shown to be about 70 nmol/min/mg protein which decreased rapidly after 3 days of storage at $20^{\circ}C$, showing that less than half and almost none of the enzyme activity was retained in 4 and 10 days of storage, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.328-334
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• 2009

Experimental purpose was to evaluate growth characteristic and abscisic acid (ABA) responses against salt/drought stresses. In the shoot biomass, creeping thyme was tolerated in mild NaCl stress, ranging 0 to 100 mM, while it was severely reduced in higher salinity. Under constant drought stress, the shoot biomass of creeping thyme showed a worse value compared to that of 100 mM NaCl treatment. Chlorophyll degradation was more severe in immature leaf than mature leaf under salt and drought stresses. In salt stress, immature leaf produced much amounts of ABA compared to mature leaf and also immature leaf showed faster increase of ABA than that of mature leaf. In drought stress, immature leaf responded to stress within 24 hours by the increase of ABA, while mature leaf responded to at 72 hours. Our results recommended that the optimal salinity level of creeping thyme was 50~100 mM NaCl.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.703-709
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of sponge cake with various amounts of mulberry leaf powder in place of flour. The specific gravity of kneading was maintained at the different amounts of added mulberry leaf powder, which increased at ratios of 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent. The crumb decreased greatly when flour rather than mulberry leaf powder was used. As the amount of mulberry powder increased, red and yellow color decreased in both the crumb and crust. The volume and symmetry indices of the sponge cake slightly decreased when the amount of mulberry powder increased. However, uniformity was not significantly different between the samples. The specific volume of the cake decreased when the amount of the mulberry leaf powder increased. In addition, mulberry leaf powder increased the degrees of hardness and gumminess of cake, but did not show any differences for the cohesiveness and springiness of the cake texture. In the consumer acceptability test, the most favorable taste and odor were attained at the 10 percent level of mulberry leaf powder.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.301-306
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• 1998

In order to improve cultivation technuque of C. lanceolata, natural ABA was treated with foliar application periodically during differenctitation of node. The higher is concentration and the earier its foliar application was, the shoter plant height was. Especially, when $10mg;.L{-1}$ of ABA was treated at differentiated stage of 3rd node, plant height was inhibited to 60% of control. But leaf length, leaf width, and number of branches have no significant differnence in comparison wiht control. The fresh weight of subterranean part was similar to control independent of treat-time in the case of $10mg;.L{-1}$. When 1,5 and $10mg;.L{-1}$ of ABA were treated at initial differentiated node stage, plant height inhibited to 20~30% of control, but subterranean part was similar to control. All treatement showed slight antitumor activity by the P388 cytotoxic screening test.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.366-373
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• 2015

This study was conducted to clarify the antimicrobial effect, antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the biological composition having the Phytolacca americana, and to enhance the natural materials utilization of foods and cosmetics. The antimicrobial activities of the different parts of P. americana were evaluated using the agar diffusion test. The antimicrobial activity of P. americana was relatively high in Malassezia furfur known as a skin fungi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus compared to Escherichia coli and Staphy-lococcus epidermidis. However, the antimicrobial activity in Vibrio parahaemolyticus did not show at all parts of P. americana. Both the DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity have been increased with the higher concentration of methanol extract. In particular, leaf extract of P. americana exhibited the highest activity both ABTS radical scavenging activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The nitrite scavenging activity was decreased when the pH was changed from pH 1.2 to pH 6.0. The highest nitrite scavenging activity was exhibited from the methanol extract of fruit, followed by root, stem, and leaf at pH 1.2. However, the nitrite scavenging activity at pH of 6.0 was not almost detected. All plant parts of P. americana showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The highest activity was found in the stem, and followed by root, leaf, and fruit in order. These tyrosinase inhibitory activity was progressively increased in a concentration-dependent manner. In this experiment on the methanol extracts of different organ from P. americana, we confirmed that the extract of P. americana showed potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Taken together, we conjectured that the P. americana had the potent biological activities, therefore this plant having various functional components could be a good material for development into source of natural food additives and cosmetics.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.18-18
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• 2012

Antioxidant is an important role to protect the human body against damage by reactive oxygen species. However, the excessive intake of such antioxidant is known to cause a serious poisonous influence on one's liver, lungs and circulating system. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a safe natural antioxidant. For the purpose of developing natural antioxidant and antibacterial, the antioxidant activity and antibacterial effects of various extract solvents from Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus L.) leaf were determined. In this study, the extracts of Artichoke leaf dried from solvent extraction were examined by means of DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ABTS free radical scavenging activity. The effect of free radical scavenging compared with $\alpha$-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid. In Artichoke leaf extract, evaluated by using DPPH and ABTS showed that the highest antioxidant activities were found to be in methanol extracts from DPPH radical ($IC_{50}$: $20.06{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$), ABTS radical ($IC_{50}$: $16.01{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$) and followed by ethanol > methyl chloride > ethyl acetate > n-Hexane. By using disc diffusion method, the antibacterial activity showed that the Artichoke leaf extract was found to be most effective against all of the tested organisms and the methyl chloride extract showed the most significant antibacterial effect against all of tests among 5 solvents extract, followed by ethyl acetate > n-Hexane > ethanol > methanol. As a result, optimal in antioxidant activity for Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus L.) leaf is methanol extract and for antibacterial effect is Methyl Chloride extract.