• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권11호
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• pp.1564-1570
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 고순도 ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan이 선천면역계에 중요한 역할을 하는 대식세포와 자연살해세포의 활성화와 적응면역계에서 중요한 역할을 하는 T 세포 면역계에 대한 면역조절 효과를 살펴보고자 대식세포의 활성능, 자연살해 세포의 활성능, 그리고 T 세포 면역계에 조절작용을 하는 사이토카인, CD4+/CD8+ T 세포에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 마우스 복강에서 불리한 대식세포를 이용하여 세포독성을 확인한 결과 고순도 ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan $10{\sim}200{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 독성이 나타나지 않았다. 또한, 고순도 ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan은 대식세포의 활성능, 자연살해세포의 활성능에 도움을 주어 활성능을 증가시켜 외부로부터 침입한 미생물, 감염된 세포나 종양세포 등을 효과적으로 제거할 수 있을 것이라 예상할 수 있었다. 마지막으로 T 세포 면역계에 조절작용을 하는 사이토카인과 CD4+/CD8+를 확인한 결과 고순도 ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan이 사이토카인들의 분비량 및 CD4+/CD8+를 증가시켜 T 세포 면역계에 조절뿐아니라 B 세포 면역계의 조절에 도움을 줄 것이라 예상할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 고순도 ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan은 선천면역뿐 아니라 적응면역에서 영향을 미칠 것이라 생각하며 면역조절에 긍정적인 변화를 보였으므로 추후 면역 조절제로서 기능성 식품의 상업화에 기초 자료가 되어 국내 기능성 소재로서의 개발 가능성을 기대할 수 있다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.39-58
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• 1994

Even though appropriate immune response is necessary for the survival of the individual, excessive or insufficient immune response might cause autoimmune or allergic disease respectively. So the immune response must be controlled to the degree that is beneficial for the well being of the individual. This study was undertaken to know the effects of Junsibaekchulsan(JB) on the immune system od the mouse. For the evalulation of the cell-mediated immunity(CMI), delayed-type hypersensitivity against dinitrofluorobenzene(DNFB) were measured, and humoral immunity, hemagglutinin and hemolysin titers against SRBCs(sheep red blood cells) were measured, and rosette formation of spleen cells with SRBCs were measured. For the evaluation of innate immunity, phagocytic activity of macrophages, natural killer cell activity, and reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates were measured. The results are as follows: 1. The administration of JB depressed the antibody formation (hemagglutinin and hemolysin) against SRBCs. 2. The administration of JB did not affect the delayed-type hypersensitivity against DNFB. 3. The administration of JB did not affect the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells. 4. The administration of JB increased the phagocytic activity of macrophages. 5. The administration of JB increased the rosette formating cells of the spleen cells. 6. The exposure of JB induced the secretion of reactive nitrogen intermediates but administration of JB deperssed the production of reactive oxygen intermediates. Administration of JB selectively depressed the humoral immune response without affecting CMI and innate immunity. These results of JB on the immune system might be useful for the treatment of such.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.247-251
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• 2005

Background: Natural killer (NK) cells are CD3 (-) CD14 (-) CD56 (+) lymphocytes. They play an important role in the body's innate immune response. They can induce spontaneous killing of cancer cells or virus-infected cells via the Fas/Fas ligand or the granzyme/perforin systems. The corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is an important regulator for the body's stress response. It promotes proliferation and migration of various cancer cells through the CRH type 1 receptor under stress, and also inhibits NK or T cell activity. However, the relationship of CRH and NK cell migration to the target has not been confirmed. Herein, we study the effect of CRH on NK cell migration. Methods: We used the human NK cell line, NK-92MI, and tested the expression of CRH receptor type 1 on NK-92MI by RT-PCR. This was to examine the effect of CRH on tumor and NK cell migration, thus NK cells (NK-92MI) were incubated with or without CRH and then each CRH treated cell's migration ability compared to that of the CRH untreated group. Results: We confirmed that CRH receptor type 1 is expressed in NK-92MI. CRH can decrease NK cell migration in a time-/dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: These data suggest CRH can inhibit NK cell migration to target cells.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.178-183
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• 2008

To investigate the effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) treatment on regions remote from the application, we measured cellular, enzymatic, and transcriptional activities in various internal tissues of healthy rats. The EA was applied to the well-identified acupoint ST36 of the leg. After application, we measured the activity of natural killer cells in the spleen, gene expression in the hypothalamus, and the activities of antioxidative enzymes in the hypothalamus, liver and red blood cells. The EA treatment increased natural killer cell activity in the spleen by approximately 44%. It also induced genes related to pain, including 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3a (Htr3a) and Endothelin receptor type B (Ednrb) in the hypothalamus, and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase in the hypothalamus, liver, and red blood cells. These findings indicate that EA mediates its effects through changes in cellular activity, gene expression, and enzymatic activity in multiple remote tissues. The sum of these alterations may explain the beneficial effects of EA.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.286-292
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronical exposure to high-level dusts on cellular immune function. Methods: The subjects were 110 male workers, among whom 60 were chronically exposed to high-level dusts in mica, limestone and iron mines. The remaining 50 were office workers. Ambient total, respirable dust and crystalline silica in the workplace were sampled using personal air samplers and analyzed according to NIOSH method 0500. Serum levels of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxide and superoxide misutase activity were measured using absorption chromatography. The subpopulations of CD4+, CD8+, natural killer cells (CD16+) and CD3+ T-lymphocytes were examined by two-color staining using monoclonal antibodies. Results: The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was significantly higher in exposed workers and superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher in control workers. No significant difference in numbers of T-lymphocyte subpopulations were observed between exposed and control workers. A significant correlation in exposed workers was observed among total dusts, respirable dusts and crystalline silica. Hydrogen peroxide was significantly correlated with total dust (r=0.720, p<0.01), respirable dust (r=0.770, p<0.01) and crystalline silica (r=0.678, p<0.01). Concentration of hydrogen peroxide showed a significantly negative correlation with numbers of CD8+ cells (r=-0.274, p<0.01), CD3+ cells (r=-0.222, p<0.01) and natural killer cells (r=-0.556, p<0.01). Conclusions: These results suggest that chronical exposure to high-level dust affects cellular immune function and effects might mediate through reactive oxygen species and inflammatory response.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.1075-1082
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this experiment is comparing the difference on natural killer cell activity through Korean red ginseng and Chinese red ginseng by $^{51}Cr$ release assay. Methods : Thirty rats were equally divided into a Korean red ginseng group, a Chinese red ginseng group and a control group. Korean and Chinese red ginseng were administrated to the rats at 200mg daily for a weak, while 0.9% normal saline was given to the control. Percent specific lysis (PSL) and lytic units (LU) were calculated from spleen cells by $^{51}Cr$ release assay. Results : Percent specific lysis of the Korean red ginseng group was significantly higher than that of the control in the ratio of 100:1, effector cell:target cell (p<0.05). Percent specific lysis of Korean red ginseng group was also significantly higher than that of the Chinese red ginseng group in the ratio of 25:1, effector cell:target cell (p<0.05). Chinese red ginseng showed no effect on NK cell activity. Conclusions : These findings suggest that Korean red ginseng improves immunologic function and shows superior effects than Chinese red ginseng.

• 대한암한의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2010

The anti-metastatic activity of water extract of Samguikoeuitang (WSGKE) consisting of Ginseng Radix, Angelicae Radix, Sophora flavescens and Coicis Semenwas examined. Ethanol extract of Samguikoeuitang (ESGKE) showed significant cytotoxicity against colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells, while WSGEK did not. However, WSGKE significantly increased the production of IL-6 and IL-12 in thioglycollate-induced macrophages from Balb/c mice, whereas ESGKE did not. WSGKE significantly increased natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity against effecter YAC-1 cells in an Effecter cells/Target ratio dependent manner. Also, WSGKE significantly suppressed lung metastasis after i.v. injection of colon26-M3.1 carcinoma cells. Inhibitory effect of WSGKE on lung metastasis totally abolished in NK cells-deficient mice by treatment with anti-asialo GM1 serum. In addition, the combination treatment of cisplatin and WSGKE (100 ${\mu}g$/mouse) prolonged the lifespan of mice inoculated by colon26-M3.1 cell. These findings suggest that WSGKE can inhibit lung metastasis and prolong life span via immunological enhancement as a Biological Response Modifier.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.111-124
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• 2002

A line of study reported that electroacupuncture(EA) modulate natural killer cell(NK Cell) activities. One report suggested that EA enhanced splenic interferon-gamma($IFN-{\gamma}$), interleukin-2(IL-2), and NK cell activity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Another study suggested that $IFN-{\gamma}$ mediates the up-regulation of NK cell activity, and endogenous ${\beta}$-endorphin secretion also play a role in the up-regulation of NK cell activity induced by EA stimulation. In order to better understand the molecular regulation underlying the activation of NK cell induced by EA, we have utilized cDNA microarray to elucidate how EA alters program of gene expression of spleen in rats. First, we divided three groups, group I was EA group treated with EA in restriction holder, group II was sham group with only holder stress, and last group III was control group with no treatment. We measured NK cell activity after EA stimulation three times for 2 days using $^{51}Cr$ release assay. Second, Biotin-labeled cDNA probes synthesized from EA group and sham group, were competitively hybridized to the microarray that contained variable genes. Such high-throughput screening has identified a number of EA-responsive gene candidates. Of these, we found that EA induced a subset of genes of genes that functionally could modulatory effects on NK cell activity. Genes(vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, protein-tyrosine kinase, CD94 mRNA) related to boost NK cell activity, were increased by EA And, genes(protein-tyrosine-phospatase mRNA, protein-tyrosine phosphatase(SHP-1) mRNA) related to inhibit NK cell activity, were decreased by EA. These EA-responsive genes may provide key insights from which to understand mechanisms of activation of NK cell induced by EA.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.278-282
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• 2009

본 논문은 홍삼 산성 다당류 (RGAP)의 생체외 쥣과 NK 세포 활성 향상에 대한 내용으로 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. RGAP는 Yac-1 종양 세포에서 NK 세포 활성을 향상시켰다. 비장 세포에 16시간 동안 RGAP 10 및 $100{\mu}g$/ml을 처리한 결과, NK 활성이 239와 250% 증가 하였다. 인터페론 (IFN)-$\gamma$ 생성은 17-125% 증가하였고, 종양 괴사 인자 (TNF)-${\alpha}$ 생성도 15-100% 증가 하였다. NK 세포의 세포 독성 증가는 NK 세포가 생성하는 이 두 시토카인 증가가 원인이다. 따라서 RGAP는 NK 세포에 미치는 면역증진 효과가 있다는 내용이다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권4호
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• pp.399-408
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• 2009

본 연구는 고로쇠 및 우산고로쇠 수액의 나노입자화를 통한 유용생리활성 증진에 관한 것이다. 먼저 나노입자 수액의 형태 및 크기 확인을 위하여 EF-TEM을 이용한 결과 유상이 주머니처럼 수액을 포집한 리포좀 형태를 띄고 있으며 약 200 nm 크기의 구형으로 형성된 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 나노입자의 크기와 균일성 및 크기별 분포 측정을 위해 DLS를 이용한 결과 수십 nm에서 수천 nm의 크기를 보였고 그중 약 70%가 100~300 nm의 크기로 형성된 것을 확인하였다. 다음으로 나노입자의 세포독성 실험을 실시하였다. 일반 고로쇠 및 우산고로쇠 수액과 비교하여 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이를 통해 나노입자화를 통한 세포독성의 위험은 없다고 판단하여, 인간 면역세포인 B 세포와 T 세포의 생육증진 실험을 하였다. 5일째 되는 날 가장 많은 세포의 수를 확인할 수 있었고 고로쇠 수액 보다는 우산고로쇠 수액의 면역세포 생육증진효과가 좋았다. 또한 일반 수액보다는 나노입자수액의 생육증진 효과가 크게 나타났다. Cytokine 분비량 및 NK 세포 활성의 경우에서도 위의 실험과 비슷한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 면역활성을 확인한 결과를 바탕으로 정상세포 독성 및 항암실험을 하였다. 인간 정상 폐세포인 HEL299에 대한 세포독성 실험 결과 수액 및 나노입자 수액 두 시료 전부 19%이하의 세포독성을 보임으로써 레시틴으로 포집한 수액의 정상세포에서의 안전성을 확인할 수 있었다. AGS, A549, Hep3B에 대한 암세포 생육억제실험결과 3가지 암세포에서 모두 수액에 비해 나노입자수액의 활성이 약 20% 증가 된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 수행한 일반 수액 및 나노입자 수액의 연구를 통하여 나노입자 수액의 기능성 소재로서의 활용성을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이를 바탕으로 더욱 다양한 생리활성 연구 및 유용생리활성 물질의 추출에 관한 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.