• Hanyang Medical Reviews
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2013

Cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide despite intense efforts in developing innovative treatments. Current approaches in cancer therapy are mainly directed to a selective targeting of cancer cells to avoid potential side effects associated with conventional therapy. In this respect, Natural killer (NK) cells have gained growing attention and are now being considered as promising therapeutic tools for cancer therapy owing to their intrinsic ability to rapidly recognize and kill cancer cells, while sparing normal healthy cells. NK cells play a key role in the first line of defense against transformed and virus-infected cells. NK cells sense their target through a whole array of receptors, both activating and inhibitory. Functional outcome of NK cell against target cells is determined by the balance of signals transmitted from diverse activating and inhibiting receptors. Despite significant progress made in the role of NK cells attack as a pivotal sentinel in tumor surveillance, the molecular has been that regulate NK cell responses remain unclear, which restricts the use of NK cells as a therapeutic measure. Accordingly, current efforts for NK cell-based cancer therapy have largely relied on the strategies that are based on the manipulation of inhibitory receptor function. However, if we better understand the mechanisms governing NK cell activation, including those mediated by diverse activating receptors, this knowledge can be applied to the development of optimal design for cancer immunotherapy by targeting NK cells.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.239-248
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• 1993

The purpose of this observation was to investigate the natural killer cell activities in mice Infected with pathogenic free-living amoeba, Naegleria fowleri and Acanthomoeba culbertsoni according to the infection doses, and infected with non-pathogenic free-living amoeba, Naegleria fowleri. The natural killer cell activity was examined by means of target binding capacity, active NK cell and maximum recycling capacity of the mice after inoculating free-living amoebae with low and high doses. The mice infected with 1 103, 1 105 A. culbertsoni trophozoites showed mortality rates of 6.9% and 65.5%, respectively. The mice infected with 1 104, 1 105 N.fowleri trophozoites showed mortality rates of 5.9% and 72.2%, respectively. The NK cell activities in all experimental groups increased significantly on day 1 after infection as compared with control group, and then remarkably declined thereafter, there was no difference of the cytotoxic activity of the NK cells In mice among inoculation doses of pathogenic free-living amoebae. The target binding capacities of NK cells and percentages of activated NK cells in mice Infected with pathogenic free-living amoebae were slgrlificantly Increased a day after Infection, as compared Uth control group. There was no difference of the maximal recycling capacities of NK cells in all experimental groups as compared Uth control group. There was significant difference in the cytotoxic activity and single cell cytotoxlcity of NK cells between the experimental groups infected with pathogenic free-living amoebae and that infected with non-pathogenic free-living amoebae.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1982

A model of induction of neoplasia by viruses has develpoed from experimental studies in animals and in cultured cells and oncogenic transformation of cells is the result of integration of viral genetic information into the cellular DNA. The evidence for these associations was derived primarily from seroepidemiologic investigation. However, data indicating that the relation between HSV-2 and cervical cancer fits the model derived from experimental animal studies are not yet sufficient to draw conclusion with regard to the etiologic role the virus in the development of the neoplasms. In other hand, the K562 tumor cell is highly susceptible target for natural killer cell lysis by the lymphocytes of human and murine periperal blood. The characteristics of this effector cell type has been investigated. A study on natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity(NKMC) against $^{51}Cr$-K562 as target cell was studed in HSV-2 infected ICR mouse. We have studied for susceptibility of HSV-2 against mouse embryo fibroblast(MEF) cells and NKMC from HSV-2 infected mouse. The results obtained that the mouse embryo fibroblast cells culture, the number and size of the cells were markedly increased and formed a monolayers relatively rapid, and become complete monolayer sheet around 72 hrs. Duration of cytopathic effect on MEF cells was rapid by serial passing of HSV-2. The morphology of the HSV-2 infected cells appear to be mainly round, ovium, spindle form and some of them was forming large giant cells. The NKMC was decrease in mouse with HSV-2 and comparison between effector/target cells ratio as 25:1 and 50:1 respectively, the NKMC was found to be more significantly decreased than normal control we have concluded that the natural killer cell activity of the viral infected mouse was shown as a suppressed during the HSV-2 infection, day 7th and 14th.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.267-272
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• 2011

Human NK cells, identified 30 years ago based on their ability to spontaneously kill tumor cells, constitute a subset of lymphocytes, which play an important role in the first line of immune defense and the effective function of these cells are enhanced by cytokines. Lung carcinoma has been one of the most commonly diagonosed cancer as well as the leading cause of cancer death in male. Here we provide the evidence that human natural killer cells has inhibitory effects on tumor growth of human lung cancer cell NCI-H460 (non-small cell lung cancer). Enriched NK cell population was obtained by 2 weeks cultivation in interleukin-2(IL-2)-containing medium. The resulting population comprised 26% CD3$^+$ cells, 9% CD3$^+$CD4$^+$ cells, 16% CD3$^+$CD8$^+$ cells, 76% CD56$^+$ cells, 6% CD3$^+$CD56$^+$ cells and 70% CD3$^-$CD56$^+$ cells. Activated NK cells at doese of 2.5, 5, and 10 million cells per mouse inhibited 2%, 12% and 45% of NCI-H460-induced tumor growth in nude mouse xenograft assays, repectively. This result suggests that NK cell-based immunotherapy may be used as an adoptive immunotherapy for lung cancer patients.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.207.2-207.2
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• 1992

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.159-175
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• 1998

In order to investigate the antitumor effect by Chungsangbohahwan after B-16 cells were transplanted in C57BL/6 mice, and the immune responses in mice induced by methotrexate, the extract of Chungsangbohahwan was orally administered to the mice for 21 days. Experimental studies were performed for measurance of metastasis, cell cytotoxicity in vitro, natural killer cell activity, productivity of interleukin-2. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Inhibition of metastasis in Chungsangbohahwan-treated group was higher than control group with significance on 7th day and 14th day. 2. On the MTT assay, cell viability was significantly inhibited by $5{\mu}g/well$, $2.5{\mu}g/well$, $1.25{\mu}g/well$, and $0.625{\mu}g/well$ of Chungsangbohahwan concentration inhibited cell viability significantly(P<0.05). $IC_{50}$ for cell viability was $2.17{\mu}g/well$. 3. Natural killer cell activity in Chungsangbohahwan-treated group was significantly increased on 100:1, 50:1 E/T(effect cell/target cell) ratio(P<0.05). 4. Production of interleukin-2 in Chungsangbohahwan-treated group was significantly increased(P<0.05).

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2002

Effects of the butanl fraction of Astragali Radix (BFAR) on the cellular and nonspecific immune responses were investigated in ICR mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups and BFAR at doses of 5, 25 and 125 mg/kg u ere administered orally to mice daily for 3 weeks, and the normal animals were given vehicle. The results of this study are summarized as follows; the relative weight of thymus was greatly increased by BFAR treatment, compared with that in mormal mice. However, the body weight gain was not affected. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) for cellular immunity was significantly enhanced by BFAR treatment, compared with those in normal mice. In these mice, BFAR also dose-dependently increased activities of phagocyte and natural killer (NK) cells as well as the number of leukocyte resulted from nonspecific immunity Thus, these results demonstrate that BFAF treatment results in a significant increase in both cellular and nonspecific immune responses to antigen in concentrations that enhance humoral immune function.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.321-331
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• 2008

Purpose: To examine the relationship between body fat percentage (BFP) and N-K cell activity (NKCA) in Korean breast and rectal cancer patients just after diagnosis. Methods: With 35 subjects enrolled between November 2002 and May 2003, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis was used to estimate BFP. FACS Analysis was used to measure N-K cell activity. The relationships between BFP and NKCA were identified by using curve estimation, simple regression, and multiple regression, Results: The mean BFPs of the subjects and all the sub-groups were higher than acceptable BFPs. Both the mean NKCAs of male and female subjects were lower than that of healthy women. NKCA was explained by BFP with a 14.9% variance in the total subjects (p<.05). There were significant negative relationships between BFP and NKCA after controlling age, type of cancer, and stage of cancer while no significant relationship was found after controlling for gender. The relationships between BFP and NKCA in the sub-groups of female, breast cancer, and stage I, and II were significant. The relationships between male, rectal cancer, and the stage III, and VI sub-groups were not identified, but they revealed a mild to moderate steep in curve estimation. Conclusion: Weight reduction could prevent the risk and advancement of breast and rectal cancer in Koreans.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.190-198
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination program of meridian massage and foot reflexology on stress and natural killer (NK) cell activity in adults. Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental research usingone-group-pretest-posttest design. The subjects of the study were 42 adults in T city. Stress level was assessed with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, and serum cortisol level. The data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 17.0 program with descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The period of this study was from January 4 to July 11 of 2008. The program was performed three days per week, two hours per session. Results: The degrees of perceived stress were significantly different while objective stress levels were partially different between pre-and post-program. The NK cell activity did not show a significant difference between before and after the program. Conclusion: This study suggests that combination of meridian massage and foot reflexology may be an optional nursing intervention to reduce subjective and objective stress in adults.

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.63-69
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Bacillus fermentation broth (ENM) on the human NK cell activity, and bone matrix density, matrix content and area of hamsters fed ENM. Methods: NK cell activity was tested, and bone mineral density were measured by x-ray. Results: NK cell activity was significantly higher in the control group (644.71 pg/ml) and in the test group (1796.37 pg/ml) (p<.004). Test groups were significantly increased by 1110.37 pg/ml in the pre-test and 1796.37 pg/ml in the post-test(p<.001). Behavioral observations after feeding ENM to hamsters showed normal behavior with no difference between control and test groups. The hamster body weight of the control was 106 g at the initial and final 27 days. In the test group, the initial weight was 96.6 g and the final 27 days was 114 g. No morphological changes were observed in the X-ray photographs of the hamster hind legs. The bone matrix density was 0.059 g/cm³ in control and 0.062 g/cm³ in the test, which was increased by 0.003 g/cm³. The bone matrix content was 0.175 g in the control and 0.196 g in the test. The bone area was 2.95 cm² in the control and 3.19 cm² in the test, which was increased by 0.19 cm². In the autopsy, neither the control nor the test group showed any remarkable abnormality, and each organ was normal. Conclusions: It is thought that ingestion of ENM is useful for immunity enhancement.