• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.32-34
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• 2004

Two 2-phenoxychromones; a rare group of natural products, were isolated from the combined ethylacetate and chloroform fractions of the ethanolic extract of Ononis serrata frossk (Leguminosae) growing in Egypt. Structures were elucidated by chemical, spectroscopic methods as well as single X-ray diffraction analyses. The cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects of the two compounds were examined. It is worth to mention that this is the first report on the isolation of 2-phenoxychromones from the family Leguminosae.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.137-140
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• 1973

Antimicrogbial activity of Veratrum alkaloids against Pityrosporum ovale. Trichopyton mentagrophytes, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investgated. Of the alkaloids tested, only jervaeratrum alkaloids exhibited antimicrobial activity. The most basic structural requirement for activity of jerveratrum alkaloids is mainly due to the introduction of an oxygen in ring C regardless of the difference in structural types. Glucoside is more active than alkamine, suggesting the assistance in the trasport processes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1022-1028
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• 1999

The solvent extracts of Ulmi cortex, which were extracted by using several solvents with different polarities, were prepared for utility as a natural preservatives. The antimicrobial activities and cell growth inhibitions were investigated to each strain with the different concentrations of Ulmi cortex extracts. Methanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity. The methanol extract was represented the broad antimicrobial activities for the gram positive and negative strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for each strains were appeared to around 0.3mg/ml at each of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The cell growth inhibitions were not shown on Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lac tobacillus plantarum, and Bifidobacterium bifidum, but greatly on the Clostridium butyricum. The meth anol extracts were further reextracted sequentially with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol for purifying crude methanol extracts. The extract, which was reextracted by butanol, showed the highest antimicrobial activity.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 2010

It is important to select appropriate antimicrobials for the treatment of infection according to the results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests (ASTs), yet the clinical isolates are sometimes susceptible to antibiotics that are clinically ineffective or this is due to technical error of the ASTs. So, interpretive reading of ASTs is needed and especially for the ${\beta}$-lactams for treating $Enterobacteriacae$. This review describes the interpretive reading of ASTs according to natural antimicrobial resistance and the mechanisms of mechanisms, with giving special attention to the antibiotics phenotypes for $Enterobacteriacae$. Further, as all the diffent tissues have a different antimicrobial concentration for identical antimicrobials, more information is needed on the antimicrobial tissue distribution for the appropriate treatment of infection. (ED note: I hope you send me the paper.)

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.172-176
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• 1999

A total of 43 extracts from 21 species of Malaysian flowering plants were screened for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Antimicrobial activity was tested against fungi, including yeast and candida, as well as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and cytotoxicity was assayed using the CEM-SS and HT-29 cell lines. The methanol extracts of the roots and stems of Plumeria acutifolia showed the highest antimicrobial activity, i.e. against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida lipolytica, and mostly moderate activity against the other microbes such as Aspergillus ochraceous and Saccharomyces lipolytica. Phyllanthus emblica also showed moderate activity especially that of the methanol extracts. The methanol extract of the roots of Plumeria acutifolia showed the strongest cytotoxic activity $(CD_{50}=\;3\;{\mu}g/ml)$. Most of Zingiberaceae species gave negative results for antimicrobial activity and showed low cytotoxic activity.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.407-411
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• 1992

As part of our search for less toxic antimicrobial substances from natural resources, naringin was isolated from feels of Citri fructus and then hydrolyzed to naringenin. The antimicrobial activity of naringenin was examined by measuring the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) against fourteen species of bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of narngenin in combination with rutin or hesperetin was evaluated by checkerboard method. Among fourteen species tested, the antimicrobial activity of naringenin was the most prominant against Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella boydii showing MIC of $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ for both species. Combinations of naringenin with rutin or hesperetin showed synergism against several species of bacteria, but no antagonism was observed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.232-238
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• 1998

To developed natural food preservatives, ethanol and water extracts were prepared from the defatted camellia(Camellia japonica L.) seeds. Antimicrobial activities were examined against 14 microorganisms which were food borne pathogens and/or food poisoning microorganisms and food-related bacteria and yeasts. Ethanol extract showed antimicrobial activities against several microorganisms tested, but not on lactic acid bactria. Especially, minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) for yeasts were as low as 1mg/ml. Water extract exhibited antimicrobial activities for the yeasts tested, but almost bacteria were not observed. The ethanol extract was fractionated in the order of hexane, chloroform, ethylaetate and butanol fractions to test antimicrobial activity. The strongest activity for the tested yeasts were found in the butanol fractions, but bacteria were chloroform fraction. Hansenula anomala treated with ethanol were observed by scanning electron micrograph, and the results exhibited morphological changes, including the irregularly contracted cell surface and expanded ellipsoidal shape.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.371-377
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• 1999

In order to evaluate the antimicrobial function of natural herb extracts as antimicrobial agent or packaging material for the preservation of foods and greenhouse produce, the water extract of chopi (Zanthoxylum piperitum DC.) was prepared and its antimicobial activity was determined. In the paper disk test its antimicrobial activity was increased in proportion to its concentraion. The growth of microorganisms was completely inhibited above 500ppm of its concentration. It showed wide spectrum of thermal(40 to 180oC) and pH(4 to 10) stabilities. In the electronic microscopic observation(TEM and SEM) of microbial morphological change it showed to decrease the activation of physiological enzymes and to lose the function of cell membranes. Even in the activation test of galactosidase, it seemed to weaken the osmotic function of cell membranes remarkably in comparison with chloroform and its activation corresponded to 40~50% of toluene. Zanthoxylum piperitum DC. extract seemed to be an excellent antimicrobial for the inhibition of food borne microorganisms as well as the pre servation of greenhouse produces.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.80-88
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• 2012

This study was conducted to clarify the antimicrobial effects and radical scavenging activities of the cosmetic compositions having the natural plant pigments, and to enhance the natural materials utilization of cosmetics. The antimicrobial activities of the fifteen kinds of cosmetic composition having natural plant pigments were evaluated using the agar diffusion method. Most of the cosmetic composition having the natural pigments showed the clear zone formation of growth inhibition against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aspergillus flavus. Especially, purple sweet potato, bitter melon, mulberry leaf and gromwell showed the higher antimicrobial activities. All the cosmetic compositions were evaluated for their antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging capacity and nitrite scavenging ability activity. Both of the free radical DPPH and nitrite scavenging ability was the highest in the cosmetic compositions of onion peel, and these antioxidant activity was significant differences according to different plant pigments. In this study, we conjectured that the plant pigment had the potent biological activities, therefore these plant resources having functional components could be a good materials for development into source of natural cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.1106-1112
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• 2007

The solvent extracts of Euphorbia helioscopia, which were extracted by using several solvents with different polarities, were prepared for utility as natural preservatives. The E. helioscopia extract by 80% ethanol was sequentially fractionated with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, and butanol. In order to effectively screen for a natural preservatives agent, we first investigated the antioxidant activities such as DPPH radical scavenging capacity, superoxide radical scavenging capacity, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of the E. helioscopia extracts. By the screening system, we found that ethylacetate fraction had the strongest antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. The antimicrobial activities and cell growth inhibition were investigated for each strain with the different concentrations of E. helioscopia extracts. Antimicrobial activities were shown in ethylacetate fraction of E. helioscopia; however, ethanol, butanol and water fractions showed weak antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms. Among the five fractions, ethylacetate fraction showed the highest antimicrobial activities against microorganisms tested, such as Bacillus sublitis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium. The polyphenol content from ethanol, n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, butanol, and water fractions were 207.46 mg/g, 45.45 mg/g, 138.23 mg/g, 678.02 mg/g, 278.91 mg/g, and 63.76 mg/g, respectively. There seems to be a close relationship between antioxidant activities, and antimicrobial activities and polyphenol content in natural plant. From these results, it is suggested that E. helioscopia could be used for the ethylacetate fraction and could be suitable for the development of a food preservative.