• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

The objective of the present study was to determine the expression of genes associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced stressor in two breeds of chickens: the Korean native chicken (KNC) and the White Leghorn chicken (WLH). Forty chickens per breed, aged 40 weeks, were randomly allotted to the control (CON, administered the saline vehicle) and LPS-injected stress groups. Samples were collected at 0 and 48 h post-LPS injection, and total RNA was extracted from the chicken livers for RNA microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses. In response to LPS, 1,044 and 1,193 genes were upregulated, and 1,000 and 1,072 genes were downregulated in the KNC and WLH, respectively, using a ${\geq}2$-fold cutoff change. A functional network analysis revealed that stress-related genes were downregulated in both KNC and WLH after LPS infection. The results obtained from the qRT-PCR analysis of mRNA expression of heat shock 90 (HSP90), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) were confirmed by the results of the microarray analysis. There was a significant difference in the expression of stress-associated genes between the control and LPS-injected KNC and WLH groups. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the stress-related $HSP90{\alpha}$ and HMGCR genes were downregulated in both LPS-injected KNC and WLH groups. However, the HSP70 and $HSP90{\beta}$ genes were upregulated only in the LPS-injected KNC group. The results suggest that the mRNA expression of stress-related genes is differentially affected by LPS stimulation, and some of the responses varied with the chicken breed. A better understanding of the LPS-induced infective stressors in chicken using the qRT-PCR and RNA microarray analyses may contribute to improving animal welfare and husbandry practices.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2024

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of using laying hens as meat type chickens. Male broiler (Ross 308, R3), laying hens (Hy-Line Brown, HL), and Korean native chickens (Hanhyup-3, H3) were used, and 100 heads of each were prepared. Carcass characteristics, meat quality, and sensory quality characteristics were compared as analysis items. The rearing environment and feed for all treatments were identical to the broiler rearing manual, and the lighting system was maintained at 23L:1D. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The test ended when the average weight of each treatment group reached 1.5 kg, and individuals of similar weight were randomly selected and compared. As a result of this study, the live weight of the selected individuals was approximately 1.5 kg, which was similar for all treatments (P>0.05). However, carcass weight and ratio and breast meat production were highest in R3, while HL had higher ratios of legs, wings, and neck (P<0.05). The H3 group showed high pH and WHC levels and low cooking loss, and R3 improved chicken meat color (P<0.05). In particular, the fat content in meat was lowest in HL (P<0.01). Nucleic acid substances ATP, Hx, ADP, AMP, and INO were abundant in R3, and IMP content was highest in HL (P<0.05). In sensory evaluation, all treatments showed similar characteristics and overall preferences (P>0.05). Based on the findings, it appears that HL, a male laying hen, produces meat with unique characteristics such as low fat content and high IMP content.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.193-204
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• 2019

This study aimed to investigate the changes in production performance of five strains of Korean native chickens (KNCs), which have been collected and established at the National Institute of Animal Science, Korea, since 1992. A total of 38,026 KNCs were tested and survival rate, body weight, age at first egg-laying, hen-housed egg production, and egg weight was analyzed. The mean survival rates of KNCs were $87.9{\pm}0.8%$, but no significant difference in survival rate between strains and in the annual survival rates of KNCs was observed. The average body weight of KNCs was $1,609.7{\pm}21.3g$ at 150 d. The average body weight of KNC-Black was the highest, whereas KNC-White had the lowest weight. A gradual increase in the annual weight change has been observed in almost all strains after 2004. The average age at first egg-laying was $146.9{\pm}1.1d$ in KNCs where KNC-White was the earliest and KNC-Black was the latest. The age at first egg-laying has increased after 2003, but has gradually decreased after 2008. The average hen-housed egg production at 270 d was $77.3{\pm}1.7$ in KNCs, wherein KNC-Yellowish brown was the highest and KNC-Black was the lowest. The average egg weight at 270 d was $51.2{\pm}0.3g$ in KNCs, indicating that KNC-Black was the heaviest, whereas KNC-White was the lightest. A significant increase in annual egg weight has been observed since 2008. To conclude, the appearance and feather colors of KNCs have improved uniformly, and the body weight has also improved slightly since 2002.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.906-914
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• 2009

The Korean Society of Animal Science (KSAS) was officially born on October 8, 1956 under the leadership of Professor Sang W. Yun of Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea a few years after the end of the Korean War. At that time, there were 0.9 million Korean native cattle, 1.3 million pigs and 8.9 million chickens in Korea. Per capita income for Korea (US$ 66) or China (US$ 59) was about 10% of Asian's average income (US$ 513) in 1956. Korea produced less than 0.2 million M/T of formula feed and consumed 6.1 kg/person/year of animal products. One could say that Korea was an example of an under-developed country in the world. Although the first issue of the Proceedings of the KSAS was published on October 28, 1958, regular quarterly journals of the KSAS were not published until March 1, 1969. Major activities other than publishing its journal were: holding an annual meeting and/or scientific forum at national or international level. The Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (AAAP) was founded on September 1, 1980 at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia with founding members from Australia, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, NZ, Philippines and Thailand. Thirteen AAAP Animal Science Congresses have been held in its 28 year history. Hosting countries were Malaysia (1980), Philippines (1982), Korea (1985), NZ (1987), Taiwan (1990), Thailand (1992), Indonesia (1994), Japan (1996), Australia (2000), India (2002), Malaysia (2004), Korea (2006) and Vietnam(2008). In 1988, significant progress of the AAAP was made by creating an official English journal of the AAAP entitled "Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences (AJAS)" under the initiative of the KSAS. This journal is now published monthly and distributed to more than 50 countries in the AAAP region and the world. It should be mentioned that the KSAS was able to successfully host the $3^{rd}$ AAAP Animal Science Congress in 1985 and the 12th in 2006, as well as the $8^{th}$ WCAP in 1998. During the last 50 years of KSAS history, per capita income of Korea increased to US$ 17,690 (268 fold), formula feed production increased to 15 million M/T (97 fold) and consumption of animal products increased to 105 kg/person/year (17 fold). Cattle, pig and chicken numbers also increased to 2.5 million (2.8 fold), 9 million (7.4 fold) and 119 million (13 fold). This trend was also found for China and Asia, even if the rate of growth was slightly lower than that of Korea. It is expected that a similar rate of growth in economics, animal numbers, formula feed production and animal protein intake will likely be achieved by other Asian countries in the $21^{st}$ century with somewhat lower rate of development than that of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2013

iNOS (Inducible nitric oxide synthase) and TLR-4 (Toll-like Receptor-4) play crucial roles in innate immunity of poultry. iNOS has been mapped to chicken chromosome 14 and implicated in a variety of chicken diseases. iNOS possesses potent antimicrobial activity, including the inhibition of microbes replication in vitro. TLR-4 is a pathogen associated molecular-pattern receptor for bacterial product, such as LPS (lipopolysaccharides) found in Gram negative bacteria, that triggers pro-inflammatory cytokine expression after engagement with ligands. In the previous studies, genetic analysis of iNOS and TLR-4 revealed the possible association of mutation in these genes with the intestinal microflora of cecum when infected with Salmonella spp. This study was aimed to augment previous findings, which show the association of iNOS (C14513T) and TLR-4 (G4409T) polymorphisms with economic traits in Korean Native Black (KNB), Rhode Island Red (RIR) and Cornish chickens. Investigation in the effect of SNPs on economic traits (layday, layw, layno, bw150, bw270, layw270) was conducted. iNOS (C14513T) had a significant effect on the average body weight at 270 days of age (p<0.05) in both KNB and RIR, whereas TLR-4 (G4409T) showed no significant correlation with all traits (p>0.05). The results obtained from using the candidate genes can be useful for the genetic improvement of body weight in both KNB and RIR breeds.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2004

Ofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin in chicken muscle were seperated by liquid extraction and determined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector. Analysis was carried out using following conditions; Cl8 column (250${\times}$4.6 mm i.d. 5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ particle size), mobile phase composed of D.W. (containing 0.4% triethylamine and phospholic acid): methanol : acetonitrile (800:100:100, v/v/v), isocratic pump at a flow rate of 1.0 $m\ell$/min and 50 ${mu}ell$ of injection volume, fluorescence detector with EX278 nm/EM.456 nm. The calibration curves of four fluoroquinolones showed linearity (${\gamma}$$^2$$\geq$0.999) at concenration range of 0.025-0.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. The recoveries in fortified chicken muscle represented more than 80% with low coefficient of variation (〈10%) for concentration range of four fluoroquinolones. The detection limits for ofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin were 23.5, 3.4, 3.0 and 2.5 ng/g in chicken muscle, respectively. We also monitored fluoroquinolones residue in muscle of chickens (broiler 1:227, Korean native chicken 219, laying chicken 77) using EEC-4-plate screening and HPLC conformation methods. Ten(broiler 5, Korean native chicken 5) out of the fifteen samples which were positively detected by EEC-plate screening method from 1,523 chicken meat were confirmed with ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin by HPLC. The ranges of residual concentration were 0-0.12 ppm for ciprofloxacin and 0.01-6.79 ppm for enrofloxacin. In conclusion, our method could be applied effectively to determine four fluoroquinolones residues in chicken meat, and further survey for fluoroquinolones residue in chicken meat are needed for more effective control of fluoroquinolones used in livestock.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.65-75
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• 2019

A number of Korean native chicken(KNC) populations were registered in FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) DAD-IS (Domestic Animal Diversity Information Systems, http://www.fao.org/dad-is). But there is a lack of scientific basis to prove that they are unique population of Korea. For this reason, this study was conducted to prove KNC's uniqueness using 25 Microsatellite markers. A total of 548 chickens from 11 KNC populations (KNG, KNB, KNR, KNW, KNY, KNO, HIC, HYD, HBC, JJC, LTC) and 7 introduced populations (ARA: Araucana, RRC and RRD: Rhode Island Red C and D, LGF and LGK: White Leghorn F and K, COS and COH: Cornish brown and Cornish black) were used. Allele size per locus was decided using GeneMapper Software (v 5.0). A total of 195 alleles were observed and the range was 3 to 14 per locus. The MNA, $H_{\exp}$, $H_{obs}$, PIC value within population were the highest in KNY (4.60, 0.627, 0.648, 0.563 respectively) and the lowest in HYD (1.84, 0.297, 0.286, 0.236 respectively). The results of genetic uniformity analysis suggested 15 cluster (${\Delta}K=66.22$). Excluding JJC, the others were grouped in certain cluster with high genetic uniformity. JJC was not grouped in certain cluster but grouped in cluster 2 (44.3%), cluster 3 (17.7%) and cluster8 (19.1%). As a results of this study, we can secure a scientific basis about KNC's uniqueness and these results can be use to basic data for the genetic evaluation and management of KNC breeds.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.241-249
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• 2023

Following the Animal genetic resource for food and agriculture (AnGR) is considered as an independent resource for the possessing country, ensuring the sovereignty of AnGR is important. The present study investigated the growth and egg production performance of six breed enrolled in DAD-IS for the purpose of securing scientific data on AnGR in Korea. A total of 323 chickens (female 181, male 142) were used in this study, with the following six breeds: Korean Leghorn (LEG), Gyeongbuk Araucana (ARA), Korean native chicken (KNC), Korean Ogye (Ogye), Hyunindak (HIL), Heongseongyakdak (HYD). The body weight of male ARA from hatching to 32 weeks of age was the highest among the breeds, and LEG and Ogye were relatively lower (P<0.0001, excluded body weight data of HYD). The body weight of female ARA was the highest and HYD was significantly the lowest among the female chicken breeds (P<0.0001). The laying percentage was the highest in LEG and was the lowest in HYD among the breeds (P<0.0001). The average egg weight from 20 to 40 weeks of age was the highest in ARA, followed by LEG and was the lowest in Ogye (P<0.0001), and the adapted breed including LEG and ARA was higher than indigenous breed (P<0.05). Egg mass production was the highest in Korean Leghorn. Collectively, these results show that ARA has the best growth ability, and LEG has the best egg production performance among the used breeds. This suggests that the adapted breed with high commercial performance is important AnGR in Korea.