• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.127-133
• /
• 2002

Levosulpiride is the 1evo-enantiomer form of racemic sulpiride, a benzamide derivative selectively inhibiting dopaminergic $D_2$ receptors at the trigger zone both in the central nervous system and in the gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequiva1ence of two levosulpiride tablets, Levopride (SK Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and Levopid (Dae Won Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The levosulpiride release from the two levosulpiride tablets in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method with various different kinds of dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty eight normal male volunteers, $23.82{\pm}3.26$ years in age and $69.13{\pm}8.58$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 25 mg of levosulpiride was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of levosulpiride in serum were determined using HPLC method with fluorescence detector. The dissolution profiles of two levosulpiride tablets were very similar at all dissolution media. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two tablets based on the Levopride were -1.17%, 1.20% and -1.09%, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two tablets in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) $(e.g.,\;log(0.93){\sim}log(1.07)\;and\;log(0.90){\sim}log(1.14)\;for\;AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). The 90% confidence interval using untransformed data was within ${\pm}20%$ $(e.g.,\;-19.47{\sim}16.20\;for\;T_{max})$. All parameters met the criteria of KFDA guideline for bioequivalence, indicating that Levopid tablet is bioequivalent to Levopride tablet.

• 한국지구과학회지
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.39-48
• /
• 2012

본 연구에서는 부산지방기상청 장기 강수량 자료(1973-2007)를 이용하여 부산지역 확률강수량 및 이에 따른 재현 기간을 산정하였다. 확률강수량 산정에 있어서 확률가중모멘트법을 이용하여 매개변수를 추정하였고, $x^2$ 및 PPCC 검정을 통해 적합성분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 최적의 확률분포형으로 GLO 모형을 채택하였다. 또한 AWS 자료를 이용하여 부산지역 확률강수량 분포도를 작성하였다. 6시간 지속강수량에 있어서 245.2 mm의 강수량이 100년 마다 발생할 수 있으며, 280.6 mm가 200년에 한번 정도 나타날 수 있다. 확률강수량 분포도 결과 1시간 지속강수일 경우 동래구에서 높은 값을 가지며, 3시간 지속강수는 부산연안 전반에 걸쳐 높게 나타나고 있다. 6시간 지속강수량일 경우는 부산진과 양산일대에서 높은 값을 나타내며 12시간 지속강수의 경우 남동연안지역과 웅상 일대에서 높은 값을 보이는 특징이 나타났다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2009

Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) using EuroQoL-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) and to identify its related factors among urban-dwelling adults. Methods: The data for this study were obtained from 1,134 subjects aged $20\sim91$, who participated in 'Survey on the health status and demand for health' in two cities of Korea (Dong-gu, Gwangju and Suncheon-si, Jeollanamdo). The HRQOL was measured using the EQ-5D instrument and EQ-5D index scores were calculated by two Korean valuation study model using time trade-off method. Results: The mean EQ-5D index scores for all subjects were $0.865{\pm}0.218$ (model A), and $0.921{\pm}0.170$ (model B). The EQ-5D index score was significantly different according to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics (gender, age, marital status, education, occupation, income, and health security system), self-rated health condition, health-related psychological assessments (enough sleep, fatigue rate, stress rate, and degree of satisfaction on the residence). The results of multiple linear regression showed that age, marital status, income, coverage of medical insurance, self-rated health condition, and fatigue rate were significantly related common statistical factors of HRQOL in two Korean valuation study model. Conclusion: Among the adults residing in urban environment, the HRQOL was significantly lower on the subjects with following conditions: higher age, being alone without a spouse as a result of death, divorce or separation, low income, medical aid program, poor self-rated health condition, and chronic fatigue. In order to improve the urban adults' quality of life, healthcare policy and health promotion program must be developed with considerations to factors related to the HRQOL.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제39권6호
• /
• pp.599-610
• /
• 2001

Due to an increasing interest in esthetics and concerns about toxic and allergic reactions to certain alloys, patients and dentists have been looking for metal-free tooth-colored restorations. Recent improvement in technology of new all-ceramic materials and composite materials has broadened the options for esthetic single crown restorations. The aim of this investigation was to study the fracture strength of the metal-free posterior single crowns fabricated using two recently introduced systems, Empress 2 ceramic and Targis-Vectris. Forty premolar-shaped stainless steel dies with the 1mm-wide circumferential shoulder were prepared. Ten cylindrical crowns having a diameter of 8.0mm and total height of 7.5mm were fabricated for each crown system respectively(PFM, Empress staining technique, Empress 2 layering technique, and Targis- Vectris). The crowns were filled with cement and placed on the stainless steel dies with firm finger pressure. The crowns were then stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hours before testing. The crowns were tested for fracture strength in an Instron universal testing machine (Instron 6022). With a crosshead speed of 1mm/min the center of the occlusal surface of the crown was loaded using a 4-mm-diameter stainless steel ball until fracture occurred. The fracture surfaces of the crowns were gold coated and examined using scanning electron microscopy(Jeol JSM-840 Joel Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, Japan). Within the parameters of this study the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The mean fracture strength for PFM crowns was 5829(${\pm}906$)N; for Empress staining technique the fracture strength was 1697(${\pm}604$)N; for Empress 2 Layering technique the fracture strength was 1781N(${\pm}400$)N, and the fracture strength for Targis- Vectris was 3093(${\pm}475$)N. 2. The fracture strength of the PFM crowns was significantly higher than that of the Empress 2 and the Targis-Vectris crowns (P<0.05). 3. The fracture strength of the Targis-Vectris crowns was significantly higher than that of the Empress 2 crowns (P<0.05). 4. No statistical difference was found when Empress staining technique was compared with Empress 2 layering technique. 5. The SEM image of fracture surface of Empress 2 crown showed a very dense microstructure of the lithium disilicate crystals and the SEM image of fracture surface of Targis-Vectris crown showed indentations of Vectris and some fibers tom off from Vectris.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제42권4호
• /
• pp.314-322
• /
• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the hot air drying characteristics of squash slices depending on the drying conditions (input air velocity, input air temperature, and sample thickness). Methods: The developed drying system was equipped with a controllable air blower and electric finned heater, drying chamber, and ventilation fan. Squash (summer squash called Korean zucchini) samples were cut into slices of two different thicknesses (5 and 10 mm). These were then dried at two different input air temperatures (60 and $70^{\circ}C$) and air velocities (5 and 7 m/s). Six well-known drying models were tested to describe the experimental drying data. A non-linear regression analysis was applied to determine model constants and statistical indices such as the coefficient of determination ($R^2$), reduced chi-square (${\chi}^2$), and root mean square error (RMSE). In addition, the effective moisture diffusivity ($D_{eff}$) was estimated based on the curve of ln(MR) versus drying time. Results: The results clearly showed that drying time decreased with an increase in input air temperature. Slice thickness also affected the drying time. Air velocity had a greater influence on drying time at $70^{\circ}C$ than at $60^{\circ}C$ for both thicknesses. All drying models accurately described the drying curve of squash slices regardless of slice thickness and drying conditions; the Modified Henderson and Pabis model had the best performance with the highest R2 and the lowest RMSE values. The effective moisture diffusivity ($D_{eff}$) changes, obtained from Fick's diffusion method, were between $1.67{\times}10^{-10}$ and $7.01{\times}10^{-10}m^2/s$. The moisture diffusivity was increased with an increase in input air temperature, velocity, and thickness. Conclusions: The drying time of squash slices varied depending on input temperature, velocity, and thickness of slices. The further study is necessary to figure out optimal drying condition for squash slices with retaining its original quality.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.44-53
• /
• 2015

본 연구는 119구급차 유형별 구조와 기능상의 문제점을 파악하여 구급차 내부 디자인을 보다 안전하고 효율적으로 개선하기 위한 조사연구이다. 4개 시 도의 구급대원 755명을 대상으로 2007년 영국 National Patients Safety Agency (NPSA)에서 개발한 환자 안전을 위한 미래 구급차에 관한 보고서와 이와 관련된 문헌고찰을 통해 수정 보완한 도구를 이용하였다. 설문지는 일반적 특성, 소방 구급차 내 안전성과 효율성 증진을 위한 디자인 개선을 위한 항목으로 구성되었다. 자료는 설문지를 전자우편 또는 직접 배포하여 수집하였으며, 수집된 자료는 SPSS 20.0 프로그램을 사용하여 통계처리하였다. 또한, 일반적 특성은 빈도분석, 백분율로, 구급차 내부 디자인 개선관련 항목은 카이제곱검증을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 승합차 개조 소방구급차에서는 내부공간이 좁은 문제와 화물차 개조 구급차에서는 승차감의 개선이 이루어져야 함을 도출하였다. 또한, 구급요원의 안전벨트와 구급요원의 처치 위치의 개선이 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 향후, 이와같은 결과를 토대로 소방 구급자동차의 많은 개선이 필요함을 제시한다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 학생들이 사용한 세 가지 Ni-Ti파일의 성형효율을 비교하고, 각 파일의 사용 경험 유무에 따른 차이를 비교하여 치과대학생을 위한 교육에 적합한 종류를 선택하는데 도움을 얻고자하는 것이다. Ni-Ti파일 사용 경험이 없는 학생 50명과 Ni-Ti파일을 사용한 근관치료 경력이 2년 이상인 경험자 10명이 세 종류의 Ni-Ti file - $ProFile^{(R)}\;(PF),\;HeroShaper^{(R)}\;(HS),\;K3^{TM}\;(K3)$ -을 사용하여 180개의 근관 모형을 성형하였다. 근관성형 시간 및 기구 변형, 근관 이형성을 조사하고 성형 전후 상을 중첩하여 근관 삭제폭, 근관변위량과 중심변위율을 1, 3. 5 mm에서 분석하였다. 1. 근관 성형시간은 HS군이 가장 빨랐으며, 총 삭제 량은 모든 지점에서 K3군이 다른 군보다 컸다 (P<0.05) . 2. 세 군 모두 1, 3 mm에서 외측 변이를 보였고, 1 mm지점에서 PF군이 가장 안정적이었다 (P<0.05). 3. 중심변위율은 1, 3 mm에서 HS, PF군이 K3군보다 작았다. 5 mm지점에서는 PF군이 가장 작았고, PF군 3 mm에서 학생은 경험자보다 유의하게 작았다 (P<0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.491-497
• /
• 2007

이 연구의 목적은 continuous wave of obturation technique으로 근관 충전을 할 때, 다양한 heat source plugger의 깊이에 따른 근단부 근관 폐쇄능력을 비교하는 것이었다. 직선 형태 발거 소구치를 #35/.06 크기까지 니켈티타늄 파일을 사용하여 성형 및 세정하였다. 성형과 세정이 완료된 치아를 heat source plugger의 적용 깊이에 따라 15개씩 5군으로 분류하였다. 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm, 양성 대조군을 제외한 모든 근관은 E&Q plus(Meta Biomed Co., Chungju, Korea)를 사용하여 #35/.06 gutta-percha cone으로 충전하였다. 모든 치아의 근첨공 주변 1 mm를 제외하고 nail varnish를 도포하였고 음성 대조군은 근첨공을 포함하여 전체 면을 도포하였다. 모든 시편을 1% 메틸렌블루 용액에 72시간 동안 보관한 다음 치근첨으로부터 1, 2, 3 mm 높이에서 수평으로 절단하였다. 각 단면을 $12.5{\times}2.5$배 현미경하에서 관찰하고 디지털 카메라로 촬영하였다. 염색제 누출 평가를 위해 aye-degree scoring system을 사용하였다. 각 절단면에서의 점수를 모두 합하여 한 시편의 점수로 사용하고 통계학적 분석을 하였다. 이 실험 조건하에서, 3-7 mm까지의 heat source plugger의 적용 깊이는 근단부 폐쇄에서 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 5-7 mm의 Buchanan's protocol을 포함한 3-7 mm를 모두 임상 적용에서 받아들여질 만하다고 보인다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.169-174
• /
• 2006

돼지 페르몬성 분자를 탐색하기 위하여 일련의 green odorant로서 기질 분자인 2-(Cyclohexyloxy)tetrahydrofurane 유도체들의 정량적인 구조와 수용체인 porcine odorant binding protein(pOBP) 사이의 결합 친화력 상수($p(Od)_{50}$)에 대한 비교 분자 유사성 지수 분석(CoMSIA)을 실행하였다. 가장 양호한 CoMSIA 모델(I-AI)은 기질 분자내 입체 중심의 절대 배열이 $I:\;C_{1'}(R),\;C_2(S)$인 분자를 atom based fit 정렬하였을 경우의 입체장 조건에서 유도되었으며 PLS 분석 결과, 예측성이 ${r^2}_{cv.}(q^2)=0.856)$ 그리고 적합성이 ${r^2}_{ncv.}=0.964)$ 이었다. 모델의 CoMSIA 등고도 상, pOBP와 냄새 분자 사이의 상호작용으로부터 가장 높은 결합 친화력을 나타내는 분자의 구조적 특정들을 이해할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제64권1호
• /
• pp.4-12
• /
• 2021

Spinal metastases can present with varying degrees of mechanical instability. The Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS) was developed as a tool to assess spinal neoplastic-related instability while helping to guide referrals among oncology specialists. Some previous papers suggested that the SINS was accurate and reliable, while others disagreed with this opinion. We performed a systematic review regarding the SINS to evaluate its accuracy and precision in predicting vertebral compression fractures (VCFs). The 21 included studies investigated a total of 2118 patients. Thirteen studies dealt with the accuracy of SINS to predict post-radiotherapy VCFs, and eight dealt with the precision. Among 13 studies, 11 agreed that the SINS categories showed statistically significant accuracy in predicting VCF. Among eight studies, body collapse was effective for predicting VCFs in six studies, and alignment and bone lesion in two studies. Location has no statistical significance in predicting VCFs in any of the eight studies. The precision of SINS categories was substantial to excellent in six of eight studies. Among the six components of the SINS, the majority of the included studies reported that location showed near perfect agreement; body collapse, alignment, and posterolateral involvement showed moderate agreement; and bone lesion showed fair agreement. Bone lesion showed significant accuracy in predicting VCFs in half of eight studies, but displayed fair reliability in five of seven studies. Although location was indicated as having near perfect reliability, the component showed no accuracy for predicting VCFs in any of the studies and deleting or modifying the item needs to be considered. The SINS system may be accurate and reliable in predicting the occurrence of post-radiotherapy VCFs for spinal metastasis. Some components seem to be substantially weak and need to be revised.