• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2000

Effects of hesperetin and naringenin on the concentration of triacylglycerol in the serum and liver were studied in male golden hamster fed with the semipurified diet containing at 1% level of them for 3 weeks. The concentration of triacylglycerol in serum of the naringenin group decreased by 31%, whereas that in liver increased by 37% compared to the control group. The concentration of triacylglycerol in the serum and liver of the hesperetin group was slightly lower than the control group. The activity of microsomal phosphatidate phosphohydrolase in the liver, which is a key enzyme for biosynthesis of triacylglycerol, was significantly inhibited in the hesperetin group, whereas it was not affected in the naringenin group. The effect of hesperetin on phosphatidate phosphohydrolase was also measured in vitro. Hesperetin decreased the activity of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase with a dose-dependent manner. Both naringenin and hesperetin did not statistically affect the daily food consumption, body weight, liver weight, and total cholesterol in the serum. The observation accounts for the hypotriglyceridemic effect of hesperetin in the hyperlipidemic hamster.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.397-401
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• 2009

Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds that have been recognized as important due to their physiological and pharmacological roles and their health benefits. Glycosylation of flavonoids has a wide range of effects on flavonoid solubility, stability, and bioavailability. We previously generated the E. coli BL21 (DE3) ${\Delta}pgi$ host by deleting the glucose-phosphate isomerase (Pgi) gene in E. coli BL21 (DE3). This host was further engineered for whole-cell biotransformation by integration of galU from E. coli K12, and expression of calS8 (UDP-glucose dehydrogenase) and calS9 (UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase) from Micromonospora echinospora spp. calichensis and arGt-4 (7-O-glycosyltransferase) from Arabidopsis thaliana to form E. coli (US89Gt-4), which is expected to produce glycosylated flavonoids. To test the designed system, the engineered host was fed with naringenin as a substrate, and naringenin 7-O-xyloside, a glycosylated naringenin product, was detected. Product was verified by HPLC-LC/MS and ESI-MS/MS analyses. The reconstructed host can be applied for the production of various classes of glycosylated flavonoids.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 1999

To search for less toxic antiherpetic agents, the inhibitory effects of natural naringenin on the plaque formation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in Vero cells were examined by the plaque reduction assay in vitro. Naringenin inhibited plaque formations of HSV-l and HSV-2 in a dose dependent manner. It also exhibited more potent antiherpetic activity on HSV-l with selectivity index (SI) of 19.1 than on HSV-2 with SI of 5.7 The combined antiherpetic effects of naringenin with nucleoside antiherpetic agents, acyclovir and vidarabine, were examined on the multiplication of these two strains of herpesviruses in Vero cells by the combination assay. The results of combination assay were evaluated by the combination index (CI) that was calculated by the multiple drug effect analysis. The combinations of naringenin with acyclovir on HSV-l and HSV-2 showed more potent synergism with CI values of 0.28∼0.81 for 50%, 70%, 90% effective levels than those with vidarabine with CI values of 0.86-3.28.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 1988

To investigate the antimicrobial activities and safety of natural naringin, it was isolated with methanol from peels of Citri fructus. Its hydrolysate, naringenin was obtained by hydrolysis of naringin. In the antimicrobial activities of two components against eleven species of bacteria and eleven species of Fungi were examined by serial dilution method. Its result appeared to the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) and the antimicrobial activities of naringin and naringenin were compared. Naringenin showed considerably high order of activities against bacteria. There were no effect against Fungi $(MIC>100{\mu}g/ml)$. In the safety tests of naringin, examined for 50% lethal dose, Blood clinical chemical tests and organ tissue tests. The results showed that 50% lethal does in mice was 1,650 mg/kg. The experiments of administration in rats showed that there were no changes in blood clinical chemical future and organ tissue as control.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.413-419
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• 2011

The antimicrobial effects of the natural flavonoids kaempferol, quercetin, apigenin, and naringenin as well as a novel flavonoid 7-O-butyl naringenin against the growth of four meat-born Staphylococcus aureus strains were evaluated. First, the flavonoids were screened for inhibitory effects against the growth of each strain using the paper disc diffusion method. Second, the growth inhibitory effects of flavonoids that showed antimicrobial activity were measured using the microplate method. Third, the bactericidal effects of flavonoids were evaluated in a 0.8% (w/v) NaCl solution. All flavonoids showed bacteriostatic effects at >20 mM. Among the flavonoids studied, quercetin was more effective than the others tested. However, the inhibitory effect of 7-O-butyl naringenin on growth of S. aureus KCCM 32395 was greater than that of quercetin at the same concentration. Additionally, 7-O-butyl naringenin exhibited significant bactericidal effects at >25 ${\mu}M$. When bacterial cells were examined using scanning electron microscopy, it appeared that the S. aureus membranes were damaged or morphologically changed when treated with quercetin and 7-O-butyl naringenin at 200 ${\mu}M$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.659-667
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• 2017

The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and radioprotective effects of Naringin and Naringenin in ${\gamma}$-irradiated mice. The antioxidant activity of Naringin and Naringenin was evaluated by 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Healthy female BALB/c mice were administered Naringin and Naringenin orally ($90{\mu}M/dose$ and $180{\mu}M/dose$) for 7 consecutive days prior to ${\gamma}$-irradiation (6 Gy). Naringenin displayed a much higher antioxidant activity in ABTS and FRAP than naringin. ${\gamma}$-irradiation resulted in cellular damage with decreased spleen and thymus indices and white blood cells (WBC) count. Additionally, ${\gamma}$-irradiation significantly increased lipid peroxidation and decreased the levels of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione (GSH) in the liver tissue. Strikingly, prior administration of Naringenin resulted in considerable prevention of these symptoms. Protection against ${\gamma}$-irradiation-induced cellular damage by Naringenin is likely due to its higher its antioxidant activity. Together, these results confirm that Naringenin is a potent antioxidant and radioprotector.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1612-1616
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• 2009

Isoflavonoids are a class of phytoestrogens. Isoflavonone synthase (IFS) is responsible for the conversion of naringenin to genistein. IFS is a cytochrome P450 (CYP), and requires cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) for its activity. Additionally, the majority of cytochrome P450s harbor a membrane binding domain, making them difficult to express in Escherichia coli. In order to resolve these issues, we constructed an inframe fusion of the IFS from red clover (RCIFS) and CPR from rice (RCPR) after removing the membrane binding domain from RCIFS and RCPR. The resultant fusion gene, RCIFS-RCPR, was expressed in E. coli. The conversion of naringenin into genistein was confirmed using this E. coli transformant. Following the optimization of the medium and cell density for biotransformation, $60\;{\mu}M$ of genistein could be generated from $80\;{\mu}M$ of naringenin. This fusion protein approach may be applicable to the expression of other P450s in E. coli.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.491-494
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• 2009

Within the secondary metabolite class of flavonoids, which consist of more than 10,000 known structures, flavones define one of the largest subgroups. The diverse function of flavones in plants as well as their various roles in the interaction with other organisms offers many potential applications including in human nutrition and pharmacology. We used two genes, flavone synthase (PFNS-l) that converts naringenin into apigenin and flavone 7-O-methyltransferase (POMT-7) that converts apigenin into 7-O-methyl apigenin, to synthesize 7-O-methyl apigenenin from naringenin. The PFNS-l gene was subcloned into the E. coli expression vector pGEX and POMT-7 was subcloned into the pRSF vector. Since both constructs contain different replication origins and selection markers, they were cotransformed into E. coli. Using E. coli transformants harboring both PFNS-l and POMT-7, naringenin could be converted into 7-O-methyl apigenin, genkwanin.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.286-292
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• 1994

Poncirin and naringin which are the flavanone rhamnoglucoside showed anti-inflammatory activity as the major component of fruit of Poncirus trifoliata. Poncirin was metabolized by intestinal bacteria of human and rats. Among the human intestinal bacteria, Bacteroides JY-6 converted a poncirin to naringin, ponciretin-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside, naringenin-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside, naringenin and ponciretin and did a naringin to poncirin, ponciretin-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside, naringenin-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside, naringenin and ponciretin.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2009

Poplar contains various flavonoids including naringenin, kaempferol, myricetin, apigenin, luteolin, rhamnetin, and quercetin. These flavonoids are synthesized from naringenin with various enzymes. However, none of genes from poplar involved in flavonoid biosynthesis have been biochemically characterized. We cloned PFNS I-1 from Populus deltoids by RT-PCR method. The open reading frame of PFNS I-1 consisted of 1,017-bp and it showed high similarity with other FNS genes. The purified recombinant PFNS I-1, expressed in Escherichia coli, catalyzed the reaction from flavanone (naringenin) to flavone (apigenin). The reaction of PFNS I-1 was enhanced by cofactors such as oxoglutarate, $Fe^{2+}$, ascorbate and catalase. Thus, it is concluded that PFNS N-1 encodes a flavone synthase I.