• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.2-11
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• 2014

After the initial enthusiasm of the human genome project, it became clear that without additional data pertaining to the epigenome, i.e., how the genome is marked at specific developmental periods, in different tissues, as well as across individuals and species-the promise of the genome sequencing project in understanding biology cannot be fulfilled. This realization prompted several large-scale efforts to map the epigenome, most notably the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project. While there is essentially a single genome in an individual, there are hundreds of epigenomes, corresponding to various types of epigenomic marks at different developmental times and in multiple tissue types. Unprecedented advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, by virtue of low cost and high speeds that continue to improve at a rate beyond what is anticipated by Moore's law for computer hardware technologies, have revolutionized molecular biology and genetics research, and have in turn prompted innovative ways to reduce the problem of measuring cellular events involving DNA or RNA into a sequencing problem. In this article, we provide a brief overview of the epigenome, the various types of epigenomic data afforded by NGS, and some of the novel discoveries yielded by the epigenomics projects. We also provide ample references for the reader to get in-depth information on these topics.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.55-58
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• 2009

Traditional pile-buildings in Southeast Asia has high utility. Their floors are lifted above the ground to stave off humidity in the house, increase the amenity and hygienic condition, fend off fierce animals or harmful animals like rat, and protect the house from being submerged in flood waters. Such traditional pile-buildings have Austronesian saddle-backed roof commonly, and are built through various techniques such as joining and mortising, without use of nails. The roof has a considerably large proportional appearance, and for this formal characteristics, the roof is symbolized as boat on occasions. The roof has dual structures or is lifted in some cases to facilitate the ventilation, and the wall is formed to maximize the ventilation. This housing types the hierarchy of foundation, housing space, and roof, which implies religious symbolism that human is above animal and God is above human. However, housing types in Southeast Asia have very different detailed form and culture, depending on the ethnic and religious characteristics. As explained above, this study examines the common aspects and diversity based on the form and culture of traditional housing of Southeast Asia and provides useful basic academic data.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.18-25
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• 2011

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of nail diameter, driving distance from end on the nail check length, and the effects of nail diameter, prehole for nail driving, and nail driving slope on the nail withdrawal resistance, by the static test of universal testing machine. The test specimen were Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don.) boards grown in southern district of Korea, and the nails for test were 2.02～4.82 mm in diameter. After nail driving, the back face checks of test boards were longer than the surface checks. The optimum nail diameter without checks or loss of nail withdrawal resistance were below 10% of board width and the optimum driving distance from end of boards were ten multiple of nail diameter. The relation between nail diameter (x) and withdrawal resistance (y) was linear and the regression formulae for Japanese cedar board was y = 8.66x + 7.6 ($R^2=0.978$). As both of the prehole diameter and driving slope were increased, the withdrawal resistances were significantly decreased.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.652-654
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• 2006

Beau first described transverse depressions of the fingernails after an acute febrile illness in 1846. It was the result of the temporary arrest of nail matrix formation. The transient interference of nail growth rate is usually induced by disability caused by severe systemic disease. Such as Raynaud disease, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, acute renal failure, psoriasis and dysmenorrhea were reported to be the cause of Beau's line. The trauma caused either in a hand or in a forearm was also reported to be the cause of Beau's line. We experienced patients with Beau's line, two cases secondary to fingertip injury and one case due to fracture in radius. They had Beau's lines in all fingers of traumatized hand and nails of opposite hand were normal. During the follow-up, the growth rate of traumatized fingernails were normal and there was no complication.

• The Journal of Engineering Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.83-96
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• 2004

A soil mailed wall is adapted as road widening measure and is constructed under a miniature abutment built on steel pipe piles. The soil nailed wall called for removal of the existing embankment slope to permanently retain the fill behind the abutment. The soil nailed wall is fully instrumented and is monitored. A 3D finite element analysis is used to study further the behavior of the soil nailed wall. The complete sequence of construction is simulated. The numerical model is calibrated against the instrumented nailed wall. Then a parametric study is conducted. The results provide valuable information related to the effect of the excavation and nailing on the following: axial load and bending moment in the piles, load in the nails, and wall deflections.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.21-27
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• 1997

In this paper, the hysteretic characteristics of traditional wooden house frame,which is fabricated by Sagaemachum, under cyclic lateral load are presented. Full scale frame models are used in the tests. The skeleton curves of traditional wooden frame are quite different from those of wooden frames which are fabricated using nails or bracings. The equivalent viscous damping ratios of the frame system are about 27% and 13% for ordinary and high-column frames, respectively. The nonlinear hysteretic characteristics of the frame is modeled by the so called Modified Double Target model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2005.03a
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• pp.163-170
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• 2005

In this paper, the rock bolts, soil nails with filling grout and the micro-piling with injecting grout by pressure were applied for the stabilization of the cut slopes consisting of sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks respectively. The field measurements and 3-D FEM analyses to find out mobilized tensile stresses of the grouted-reinforcing members installed in the drilled holes were executed on each site. With assuming the increments of the cohesive strength in the improved ground, the back analysis using direct calibration approach of changing the elastic modulus of the ground was used to find out the improved elastic modulus which yields the same tensile stresses from field measurements. The results of back analysis show that the elastic modulus of the improved ground were 4 to 6 times as large as the elastic modulus of original ground. Consequently, the design for slope reinforcement to be more rational, it is proposed that not only the improved cohesive strength is to be used in the incremental ranges on well-known previous proposed data, but also the increased elastic modulus which is about 5 times as large as the original elastic modulus is to be considered in design.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2004.03b
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• pp.50-57
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• 2004

In this study reinforcing effect of soil nailed-drilled shafts subjected to axial and lateral loads were evaluated. Special attention was given to the reinforcing effects of soil nails placed from the drilled shafts to surrounding weathered- and soft-rocks based on model tests, numerical analyses and load tests. The model tests and numerical analyses are conducted to analyze the reinforcing effect of various conditions of number, inclination, position and length. The results of 1/40 scale model tests and numerical analyses show that as the number of reinforcing level increases, the incremental effect of reinforcement tends to increase, whereas the reinforcing effect on relative position is negligible. In addition there is a reinforcing effect as the inclination angle increaes up to 30 degrees. Based on the results of tensile load tests, soil nailed-drilled shafts has a considerably smaller settlement to reach the ultimate level when compared with the result of un-reinforced drilled shafts. For compression tests, there is a reinforcing effect of about 200% measured.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1999

The use of structural wood based panels like plywood, OSB in many applications involves the use of nails, and data on the performance of panel-nail connection are needed for design and comparative purpose. This study was carried out to develop basic information on nail performance(withdrawal, embedding, nailhead push through) with water absorption in plywood and OSB. In withdrawal resistance test, initial stiffness of plywood performed better than OSB in 24hr soaked condition. The soaked condition reduced average nail withdrawal resistance value about 46% (12d mail), 53%(8d nail) in OSB, 17%(12d mail), 24%(8d mail) in plywood. The nail embedding strength of plywood also performed better than that of OSB and retention value(wet strength/dry strength) yielded similar in each nail types. The nail head push through capacity of OSB was higher than that of plywood in dry condition, but equal or lower in soaked condition. Therefore, critical consideration about structural panels is required in moist applications. The average values of nail withdrawal, nail embedding strength and nail head push through resistance of tested materials meet the minimum requirement of various specification and standards.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.140-149
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• 2004

The bentwood technique was introduced for the Windsor chair for the first time in the 18th Century. It was Michael Thonet who produced the bentwood chair in Austria around the 1870's, and it has changed the perception of architects and designers since then. The bentwood chair suggested a new and eccentric way of manufacturing furniture and the process of producing materials for it. Moreover, the method of furniture assembling, with screw nails, made a positive contribution not only to the convenience of transport and distribution of furniture to anywhere in the world, but also to the development of mass production of furniture for the multitudes. The bentwood technique of Michael Thonet was developed much further by Alvar Aalto, who inferred a soft curve from nature and developed the beauty of modern laminated bentwood by using birch, a plentiful resource of Finland. This study will help us to understand the functions and process of bentwood furniture, and help to develop technical skills for diverse furniture design. It will also confirm that diverse bentwood furniture design will be possible by applying materials, technical skills and the design process of bentwood according to the characteristics and concept of furniture design.