• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.821-832
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• 2004

A total of 80 pigs were used to investigate the effect of dietary glycine betaine(N,N,N-trimethylglycine) on pork quality during cold storage. About 70 kg pigs were randomly a1loted into one of four experimental diet groups(0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% glycine betaine). Pigs were slaughtered at approximately 110 kg live weight, and pH, color(CIE $L^* a^* b^*$), shear force, sarcomere length, lipid oxidation and composition of fatty acid were measured in pork loin for 13 days of cold storage. The concentration of glycine betaine in pork loin was significantly increased(P<0.05) with increasing of glycine betaine level in diet. Pork loins from dietary betaine groups showed significantly higher muscle pH and lower CIE $b^*$ values compared to control group after 13 days of storage. There were significant differences in shear force values among pork loins from diet groups at 24 hrs postmortem. However, pork loins from control diet showed longer sarcomere length than those of dietary betaine groups. Dietary glycine betaine increased the ratio of saturated fatty acids and decreased unsaturated fatty acids in pork loins. Especially the ratios of linoleic and myristic acid were decreased with increasing dietary betaine level. However, dietary glycine betaine did not affect lipid oxidation (TSARS) and sensory evaluation during cold storage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.826-833
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• 2019

Objective: This study was performed to evaluate whether hot temperature and rumen-protected fat (RPF) supplementation affect growth performance, rumen characteristics, and serum metabolites in growing stage of Korean cattle steers. Methods: Twenty Korean cattle steers ($230.4{\pm}4.09kg$ of body weight [BW], $10.7{\pm}0.09months$ of age) were divided into a conventional control diet group (n = 10) and a 0.8% RPF supplementation group (n = 10). Steers were fed 1.5% BW of a concentrate diet and 4 kg of tall fescue hay for 16 weeks (July 10 to August 6 [P1], August 7 to September 3 [P2], September 4 to October 1 [P3], October 2 to 30 [P4], of 2015). Results: The mean temperature-humidity index (THI) was higher (p<0.001) in P1 (76.8), P2 (76.3), and P3 (75.9) than in P4 (50.9). The mean THI of P1-3 were within the alert heat stress (HS) category range according to previously reported categories for feedlot cattle, and the mean THI of P4 was under the thermo-neutral range. Neither month nor RPF supplementation affected (p>0.05) average daily gain and gain to feed ratio. Month and RPF supplementation affected concentrations of glucose, albumin, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL); those of albumin and glucose tended to decrease (p<0.10), but HDL concentration increased (p<0.01) by RPF supplementation. Neither month nor RPF affected (p>0.05) ruminal pH, $NH_3-N$, and volatile fatty acid concentrations, whereas the C2:C3 ratio was affected (p<0.05) by month. Conclusion: Korean cattle may not have been significantly affected by alert HS during the growing stage. Growth performance was higher during hotter months, although some changes in blood metabolites were observed. The RPF supplementation affected some blood lipids and carbohydrate metabolites but did not affect growth performance.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.553-563
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics (proximate composition, fatty acids, amino acids and sensory properties) of whole body and dorsal muscle in olive flounder, which is switch size from juvenile to growing fed extruded pellets (EP) and raw fish-based moist pellet (MP) for 9 months. Sample was collected at 5 and 9 months to compare with those of EP and MP. Whole body crude protein of fish fed EP at 9 months was significantly higher than that of fish fed MP (P<0.05). Linolenic acid(18:3) and n-6/n-3 ratio in dorsal muscle of fish fed EP were significantly higher than those of fish fed MP (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in the results of the flavor, color, taste and texture of the muscle of the fish fed EP compared to those fed MP (P>0.05). Based on the experimental results, we concluded that olive flounder cultured with EP is not inferior to those fed MP for quality characteristics of whole body and muscle.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.284-302
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• 1982

Development of protein resources as food has been a big issue especially in Southeast Asia region, and intake of protein is also insufficient in Korea. To cope with this shortage of protein resources and its improvement together with increased production of high nutritive animal protein, studies were carried out on feeding of Korean native goats. In the experiments were made absorption of carbohydrate and volatile fatty acid in miniature rumen, and absorption of amino acid in rumen as in vivo were conducted as part of studies on nutritional absorption in rumen. Those nutritional for improvement of feeding and management as described above are summarized as following. 1. According to the result of test on the nutritional absorption of native goat by means of miniature rumen method, absorption ratio of VFA measured at 0.5, 1 and 2 hours after injection of nutrition showed propionic acid 70-86%, acetic acid 74-87%, and lactic acid 76-89%. In the absorption of organic substances, ethyl alcohol of 0.5% showed 29-87% and lactic acid of 0.1M showed 12-27% of absorption ratio. 2. Result of absorption measurement in rumen from L-type free amino acid injection in the content of rumen vein showed lower rate at menthionine-free group compared to whole-egg amino acid injection in the content of rumen vein showed lower rate at methioine-free group compared to whole-egg amino acid group, and high absorption ratio was observed at methionine 3 times group and urea added group. Deficiency of methionine caused no change of the content in mucous membranes. 3. Absorption of amino acid in rumen muscular layer showed equal tendency as in the mucous membrane without exerting any influence of methionine deficiency. At the methionine3-times group, content of methionine and glutamine were increased by 14.7 and 4.4 times as compared to whole-egg amino acid group, an absorption ratio of glutamine, proline and valine were increased at urea added group. 4. In general, concentration of amino acid in rumen vein plasma was lower than in rumen mucous membrane and muscular layer. Absorption ratio of amino acid is decreased due to methionine deficiency, and tripling of methionine or urea adding caused increment of amino acid. Absorption pattern is thus varied depending on the composition of amino acid. 5. At the urea added group, content of ammonia-N, amino-N and urea were increased in rumen muscular layer. As the inside of goat's rumen was unable to clean thoroughly, investigation was made on remaining bacteria, however, variation of ammonia-N was affected by these bacterial content. 6. Variation in rumen structure by differential absorption of amino acid was observed by general microscope and fluorescent microscope. According to the result of observation in the methionine 3 times group, single cylinder epithelium of mucous membrane showed rather thin, and it was thick at urea added group though no significant differences existed among test groups in submucous membrane and muscular layer.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.777-790
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• 2022

This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional characteristics of the following Korean-distributed fish species commonly consumed as sliced raw fish (CC-SRF): olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (OF), red sea bream Pagrus major (RS), Atlantic salmon (AS), coho salmon (CS) and sockeye salmon (SS). The crude protein and lipid contents of OF, RS, AS, CS and SS were 20.2% and 5.5%, 21.2% and 6.8%, 17.7% and 18.5%, 18.3% and 16.1%, and 20.4% and 5.7%, respectively. Regardless of the type and weight of fish species, the major amino acids were leucine, lysine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, whereas histidine was identified as a limiting amino acid. The major minerals in all CC-SRF were P, K and Se based on the recommended daily intake or sufficient intake for Korean males aged between 19-49 years. Among the different types of all CC-SRF, the intake of OF and SS lipids is predicted to be associated with a lower n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio, whereas among the free amino acids, which are expected to have health functionality, we identified taurine in OF and RS, and anserine in salmons. The digestibility of OF, RS, AS, CS and SS were 60.7%, 54.9%, 48.5%, 49.6%, and 53.4%, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1004-1009
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• 2006

Four male crossbred native beef cattle (average body weight of 427.7 kg) were randomly allocated to four types of cassoy-urea pellet as a source of protein in concentrate according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to determine effect of diets on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility. The four types of cassoy-urea pellets contained cassava hay, soybean meal, urea and binding agent at 79.2:19.8:0:1 (27.9% CP dry matter), 78.4:19.6:1:1 (30.4% CP), 77.6:19.4:2:1 (33.0% CP) and 99:0:0:1 (23.8% CP) for dietary treatments; 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. All four concentrate mixtures contained similar crude protein levels (11% CP) and were fed to animals in two equal parts (0.5% of body weight per day) while urea-treated rice straw (5% urea) was given ad libitum. The experiment revealed that dietary concentrate treatments had no effect on dry matter intake while digestibilities of neutral-detergent fiber and crude protein were higher (p<0.05) in cattle fed dietary treatments 1, 2 and 3 than in cattle fed dietary treatment 4. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen ($NH_3$-N), was higher and acetic acid concentration (C2) and ratio of C2 to propionic acid (C3) were lower (p<0.05) in cattle fed dietary treatments 1, 2 and 3 than in those on treatment 4. It is concluded that use of cassoy-urea pellet as a protein source in concentrates for cattle resulted in improvement of digestibility, ruminal fermentation and rumen ecology. Further research using cassoy-urea pellet in feeding trials with milking cows and fattening beef should be undertaken.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.33-40
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• 2011

This study was conducted for the purpose of examining stable disposal of foodwaste and possibility of multilateral use of its by-product by mixing earthworm powder and by-product generated from food waste disposal for making feed for sea fish. As a result of the study, content of crude protein (25.93%, 69.72%), crude lipid (16.91%,6.39%) crude ash (15.38%, 5.30%) in by-product of food waste and earthworm powder was higher than that in fish meals manufactured in the country, and it was judged that it is available to make good feed as a source of fatty acid as it contained C18:1n9c, 1n9t and c16:0. As for stability as a raw material for feed, it was shown that the stability was high when using the product as a raw material for feed not exceeding the standard of test items, and though change of content and ingredients to mixing ratio, it was shown that mixed specimen of fertilizer (S6) was higher, showing that it has great utilization in the future. Also, as it has more content of registered ingredients than any other raw materials for feed manufactured in the country, it is possible to be used as a substitute when manufacturing feed for sea fish. Therefore, it is judged that various studies such as economic analysis and technology of possible manufacturing will be needed in the future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.559-568
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• 2012

White (Lohmann LSL) and Brown (ATAK-S) laying hens, were reared under organic and conventional cage rearing systems, and the effects of the rearing system on performance parameters, egg production, egg characteristics, and immune response were investigated. For this purpose, a total of 832 laying hens of two commercial hybrids, i.e., 416 white (Lohmann LSL) and 416 Brown (ATAK-S) layers, were used. The experiment lasted between 23 and 70 wk of age. In this study, the white layers yielded more eggs as compared to the brown layers in both organic and conventional production systems. Egg weight exhibited a similar pattern to that of laying performance. However, the total hen-housed egg number for the white birds in the organic system was fewer than that of white birds in the conventional cage facility; conversely, a contradictory tendency was observed for the brown birds. Livability of the white layers in the organic system was remarkably lower (14%) than that of the brown line, whereas the white line survived better (3.42%) than their brown counterparts in conventional cages. The feed conversion ratio of the white hens was markedly inferior in the organic system as compared to that of the white hens in the conventional system, whereas relatively lower deterioration was reported in brown layers when reared in an organic system. The organic production system increased egg albumen height and the Haugh unit in eggs of the brown layers. The yolk color score of organic eggs was lower than that of conventional eggs for both brown and white hens. The egg yolk ratio of eggs from white layers was found to be higher in organic eggs as compared to those obtained in the conventional system. All organic eggs had heavier shells than those produced in the conventional system. Eggs from brown layers had more protein content than eggs from white layers. Neither housing systems nor genotype influenced egg yolk cholesterol concentration. When compared to conventional eggs, n-3 fatty acid content was lower in organic eggs, and the n-6:n-3 ratio was higher in organic eggs. In conclusion, two hen genotypes showed different responses in terms of performance and egg quality to two different rearing systems. A commercial white strain produced more eggs with higher egg quality as compared to a native brown strain. The brown strain was found to have adapted well to organic production conditions when survival and total egg number was taken into consideration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.370-378
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• 2017

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a specific mixture of essential oils (MEO), containing thyme, clove and cinnamon EO, on rumen microbial fermentation, nutrient apparent digestibility and blood metabolites in fistulated sheep. Methods: Six sheep fitted with ruminal fistulas were used in a repeated measurement design with two 24-d periods to investigate the effect of adding MEO at 0 (control), 0.8, and 1.6 mL/d on apparent nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, rumen microbial population and blood chemical metabolites. Animals were fed with a 50:50 alfalfa hay:concentrate diet. Results: Ruminal pH, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, molar proportion of individual VFA, acetate: propionate ratio and methane production were not affected with MEO. Relative to the control, Small peptides plus amino acid nitrogen and large peptides nitrogen concentration in rumen fluid were not affected with MEO supplementation; while, rumen fluid ammonia nitrogen concentration at 0 and 6 h after morning feeding in sheep fed with 1.6 mL/d of MEO was lower (p<0.05) compared to the control and 0.8 mL/d of MEO. At 0 h after morning feeding, ammonia nitrogen concentration was higher (p<0.05) in sheep fed 0.8 mL/d of MEO relative to 1.6 mL/d and control diet. Ruminal protozoa and hyper ammonia producing (HAP) bacteria counts were not affected by addition of MEO in the diet. Relative to the control, no changes were observed in the red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, glucose, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, blood urea nitrogen and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentration. Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude proten, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber were not influenced by MEO supplementation. Conclusion:The results of the present study suggested that supplementation of MEO may have limited effects on apparent nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation and protozoa and HAP bacteria count, blood cells and metabolites.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.797-805
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• 2014

The effect of concentrate mixtures with crude protein (CP) levels 10%, 13%, 16%, and 19% and diets with roughage to concentrate ratios 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, and 20:80 (w/w) were determined on dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility, and fermentation metabolites using an in vitro fermentation technique. In vitro fermented attributes were measured after 4, 24, and 48 h of incubation respectively. The digestibility of DM and OM, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) increased whereas pH decreased with the increased amount of concentrate in the diet (p<0.001), however CP levels of concentrate did not have any influence on these attributes. Gas production reduced with increased CP levels, while it increased with increasing concentrate levels. Ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) concentration and microbial CP production increased significantly (p<0.05) by increasing CP levels and with increasing concentrate levels in diet as well, however, no significant difference was found between 16% and 19% CP levels. Therefore, 16% CP in concentrate and increasing proportion of concentrate up to 80% in diet all had improved digestibility of DM and organic matter, and higher microbial protein production, with improved fermentation characteristics.