• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.643-653
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• 2018

본 연구는 고지혈증 모델동물 랫드에서 n-6/n-3가 서로 다른 식이를 급여하였을 때 혈액지질의 대사적 분할에 미치는 작용 메카니즘을 생체 모니터링 기법으로 구명하였다. 총 glycerolipids의 간에서 대사된 cholesteryl $^{14}C$-oleate 비율은 n-6/n-3 비율 4:1, 15:1, 30:1, 대조군 순서로 낮았다(p<0.05). 인지질 분비량은 대조군과 비교할 때 n-6/n-3 비율 4:1, 15:1, 30:1 순서로 높았다(p<0.05). 중성지방 분비량은 대조군과 비교할 때 n-6/n-3 비율 4:1, 15:1, 30:1 순서로 특히, 4:1 처리군에서 낮았다(p<0.05). 총 glycerolipid에 대한 인지질의 분할 비율은 n-6/n-3 비율 4:1, 15:1, 30:1, 대조군 순서로 높았다(p<0.05). 간으로부터 중성지방 분할 비율(%)은 대조군 82.25%와 비교할 때 n-6/n-3 비율 4:1, 15:1, 30:1에서 각각 72.99, 75.93, 78.12%로써 n-6/n-3 비율이 증가할수록 높아졌다(p<0.05). 인지질 분할 비율(%)은 대조군 11.04%와 비교할 때 n-6/n-3 비율 4:1, 15:1, 30:1에서 각 25.15, 18.87, 18.15%로써 n-6/n-3 비율이 증가할수록 낮아졌다(p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1248-1255
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• 2009

This study was carried out to evaluate the fatty acid composition in Nellore cows supplemented with either linseed (n-3) or canola grains (n-6 and n-9). Fifteen Nellore cows, aged five years and bodyweight 550 kg${\pm}$48 kg, were randomly distributed to the following treatments: CON (control), LIN (linseed) and CAN (canola grains). The cows were fed for 80 days. The concentrations of C18:0, C18:2 n-6 and C20:3 n-6 fatty acid were higher (p<0.10) in CON blood plasma in comparison to follicular liquid. Likewise, PUFA, n-6 contents, PUFA:SFA and n-6:n-3 ratios were higher (p<0.10) in blood plasma. On the other hand, C18:1 n-9, C22:5 n-3, MUFA and n-3 contents were lower (p<0.10) in blood plasma. C18:0, C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, C22:5 n-3, PUFA, n-6, n-3 contents and PUFA:SFA ratio were higher (p<0.10) in LIN blood plasma than in the follicular liquid. Nevertheless, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1 n-7, PUFA, C16:0, C18:1 n-9 and MUFA contents were lower (p<0.10) in LIN blood plasma. On treatment CAN, the C18:0 and SFA contents, and n-6:n-3 ratios were higher (p<0.10) in blood plasma. However, C20:3 n-6, C22:5 n-3, PUFA and n-3 contents were lower (p<0.10) in blood plasma. C16:0, C18:0, PUFA, SFA contents and PUFA:SFA ratio did not differ (p>0.10) among the treatments. C14:0, C16:1 n-7, C18:2 n-6 and n-6 contents were higher (p<0.10) for CON and CAN than LIN. C17:1 n-7, C20:4 n-6 and C 22:0 contents were higher (p<0.10) for CAN than CON and LIN. C18:1 n-9, C18:3 n-3, MUFA and n-3 contents were higher (p<0.10) for LIN and CAN than CON. C20:3 n-6 content and n-6:n-3 ratio were higher (p<0.10) for CON than LIN and CAN. C22:5 n-3 content were higher (p<0.10) for CON and LIN than CAN. The concentrations of fatty acids in blood plasma and follicular liquid were not correlated for any fatty acid, independent of the treatment studied. Canola grain added to the diet of Nellore cows resulted in increased concentrations of fatty acids n-6 and n-3 in follicular liquid.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.466-475
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 인공 사육 모델 시스템과 인공 쥐용 분유를 이용하여 출생 직후 12시간 이내에 엄마 쥐들로부터 신생 쥐를 분리하여 n-3 지방산 결핍분유와 n-3 지방산 적절분유로 3주 동안 사육한 후(이유기) 각각 장기들을 취하고 또한 성숙 쥐(15 wks)의 뇌, 망막, 간을 취하여 뇌 성장 발달 과정 동안 n-3지방산 결핍이 이들 장기들의 지방산조성 변화에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다. 이유기와 성숙기 쥐의 뇌 지방산 조성은 n-3 지방산 적절군과 대조군과 비교했을 때, n-3지방산 결핍군의 경우 n-6지방산의 함량은 높았으나 (p<0.05), 총 monounsaturated 지방산과 총 n-3 지방산의 함량은 낮았고(p<0.05), 총 saturated 지방산의 경우는 변화가 없었다. 기대했듯이 뇌 DHA의 경우 n-3 지방산 결핍군은 n-3 지방산 적절군과 대조군에 비해 이유기 때 $50\%$, 성숙기에는 $70\%$까지 감소하였고 반면 n-6 계열인 DPAn-6의 함량은 상당히 증가하였음을 살펴볼 수가 있었다. 이유기의 망막의 총 saturated 지방산과 총 monounsaturated 지방산에는 식이군 사이에 변화가 없었고 22:4n-6, DPAn-6와 총 n-6 지방산의 함량은 n-3 지방산 결핍군에서 n-3 지방산 적절군과 대조군에 비해 증가하였으나(p<0.05), 22:5n-3, DHA와 총 n-3 지방산의 함량은 상당히 감소하였음을 관찰할 수가 있었다(p<0.05). 성숙 쥐 망막의 지방산조성의 경우 20:4n-6, 22:4n-6, 22:5n-6와 총 n-6 지방산의 함량은 n-3 지방산 결핍군에서 n-3 지방산 적절군과 대조군에 비해 증가하였으나(p<0.05), 22:5n-3, DHA와 총 n-3 지방산의 함량은 상당히 감소하였다(p<0.05). 특히 n-3 결핍군의 망막 DHA는 이유기 때 $57\%$ 감소에서 성숙기에 $63\%$까지 감소하였다. (p<0.05). 간의 경우, 이유기의 n-3 지방산 결핍군의 DHA는 $65\%$ 감소한 반면 간의 DPAn-6는 $59\%$ 증가하였다. 흥미로운 것은 이유기의 간 지방산 조성과는 대조적으로 성숙기의 n-3 지방산 결핍군의 18:2n-6, 20:3n-6, 20:4n-6와 22:4n-6 지방산 함량이 현저히 감소된 것과는 달리 DPAn-6의 함량이 n-3 지방산 적절군보다 $143\%$까지 증가되었음 관찰할 수 가 있었다(p<0.05). 이상의 장기들의 n-3지방산 결핍군은 이유기와 성숙기에서 DPAn-6/DHA비와 n-6/n-3비 또한 n-3 지방산 적절군과 대조군에 비해 컸으나(p<0.05) DPAn-6와 DHA의 합에는 변화가 없었다. 따라서 뇌 성숙 발달 과정동안 n-3 지방산 결핍은 뇌의 DHA의 결핍을 초래하고 이러한 비정상적인 조건에서 DPAn-6의 증가를 유발하였으며 이러한 지방산 조성의 변화와 공간과 후각에 기초를 하는 기억 학습 능력 저하의 관련성에 대해서는 앞으로 연구가 진행되어져야 할 것으로 사료되어진다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1608-1614
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the different dietary ratios of n-6 to n-3 (n-6/n-3) fatty acid (FA) on performance and n-6/n-3 FA in muscles of broiler chickens. A total of 300 one-day-old Cobb chicks were randomly assigned to 3 treatments of 10 replicates in each (10 birds/replicate). Birds were fed on a corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 1% oil during starter (day 1 to 21) and 2% oil during finisher (day 22 to 39) phases, respectively. Treatments of high, medium and low dietary n-6/n-3 FA were formulated by replacing rice bran oil with linseed oil to achieve n-6/n-3 FA close to >20:1, 10:1 and 5:1, respectively. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were similar (p>0.05) among the treatments. Serum glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatments. In breast, concentration of C18:3n-3 was significantly greater (p = 0.001) for medium and low vs high n-6/n-3 FA, while concentrations of C20:5n-3, C22:6n-3, total n-3 FA, and n-6/n-3 FA were significantly higher for low vs medium, and medium vs high dietary n-6/n-3 FA. In contrast, concentrations of C18:2 and mono-unsaturated FA (MUFA) were lower for low vs high dietary n-6/n-3 FA. In thigh muscles, concentrations of C20:5n-3 were higher (p<0.05) for medium and low vs high dietary n-6/n-3 FA, and concentrations of C18:3n-3, C22:6, and n-3 FA were greater (p<0.05) for medium vs high, low vs medium dietary n-6/n-3 FA. However, concentrations of C18:1, MUFA, n-6/n-3 were lower (p<0.05) for low and medium vs high dietary n-6/n-3 FA. In conclusion, lowering the dietary n-6/n-3 FA did not affect the performance of chickens, but enhanced beneficial long-chain n-3 FA and decreased n-6/n-3 FA in chicken breast and thigh, which could be advantageous for obtaining healthy chicken products.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.52-54
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• 1982

p·Si-전해질 접합을 전해질로 6N H2SO4, 6N H2SO4(Ti3+), 6N H2SO4(Ti4+), 6N H2SO4(Ti4+/Ti3+)을 사용하여 만들었다. 이들 전해질중 6N H2SO4(Ti4-/Ti3+)을 사용할 때 p·Si 광음극이 안정하게 동학하며 높은 광전 감도를 가지고 있었다. p·Si-electrolyte junction are prepared by using p·Si photocatode in four different electrolytes such as 6N H2SO4, 6N H2SO4(Ti3+), 6N H2SO4(Ti4+), 6N H2SO4(Ti4+/Ti3+) respectively. Among those electrolytes 6N H2SO4(Ti4-/Ti3+) shows very good results, in which p·Si photocathode is stable.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2012

This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary n-3/n-6 fatty acid (FA) ratio on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), fermentation indices and FA profile. Rice bran was mixed with oil sources (cotton seed oil and linseed oil) to make the diets at 0.02, 0.29 and 0.61 of dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio. These diets (0.5g) were placed into the incubation bottles with 40 ml of anaerobic culture medium, which contained rumen fluid and Van Soest medium at 1:2 ratio. Five replicates of each diet and two blanks were incubated at $39^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours. After incubation, the incubated contents were centrifuged. The residues were freeze-dried for DMD and FA analyses. The supernatant was used for pH, $NH_3-N$ and volatile fatty acid analyses. The concentrations of lactate (p<0.001) and iso-valerate (p<0.001) decreased linearly with increasing dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio, but acetate concentration (p=0.056) and the ratio of acetate to propionate (p=0.005) was increased linearly. The concentrations of n-3, n-6 FA and the ratio of n-3/n-6 FA in residues increased (p<0.001) linearly with increasing dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio, but C18:1n-9 FA concentration was decreased (p<0.001) linearly. With these results, it could affect fermentation characteristics and FA profile of rumen content by dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.847-860
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• 2006

본 시험은 n-6 및 n-3 계열 다중불포화지방산 함량이 풍부한 사료원을 Charolais 거세우에게 각각 사료 급여기간을 달리하여 급여하였을 때 근내 지방산 조성을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시험 수행은 영국 IGER (Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research) 연구소 육우 사양실험실에서 실시 하였으며, 공시축은 총 28두 Charolais 거세우로서 ad libitum으로 조사료 급여를 하였다. 그리고, 두 개의 지방원료원으로서 C18:2 n-6 함량이 풍부한 대두와 C18:3 n-3함량이 풍부한 아마종실을 60일 및 90일간 공급하였으며, 농후사료는 총 건물섭취의 73%으로 하였다. 도체중, conformation 및 fatness score는 60일 사료급여구와 비교하여 90일 사료급여구에서 높게 조사되었다(P<0.05). 공시축의 m. longissimus thoracis의 중성지방내 총지방산 함량은 지방원료원에 의한 영향은 없었지만, 반면에 인지질 내 총지방산 함량은 아마종실 급여구에 대략 15% 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 근육 중성지방 내 C18:3 n-3와 cis-9, trans-11 CLA 함량은 아마종실급여구에 유의성있게 높게 조사되었으며(P<0.001), 반면에 C18:2 n-6 함량은 대두 급여구에서 높았다 (P<0.001). 근육 인지질 내 CLA와 C18:3 함량은 아마종실급여구에 높게 나타났으며, C18:2 n-6 함량은 대두 급여구에 높았다. 한편, 근육 중성지방 내 C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, CLA, C18:1 n-9, C18:2 n-6 및 C18:3 n-3 함량은 90일 사료급여구에서 높게 조사되었다. 근내 불포화지방산:포화지방산 비율은 사료급여기간에 영향을 받지 않았지만, C18:2 n-6:C18:3 n-3 비율과 n-6:n-3 불포화지방산 비율은 아마종실 급여구에서 높게 나타났다. 따라서 본 시험은 대두 혹은 아마종실 같은 사료급여와 급여기간에 의하여 쇠고기 근내 불포화지방산 함량을 변화 시킬 수 있음을 보여주고 있다. 그리고, 아마종실 급여는 쇠고기 내 지방산 함량이 조성이 인체 건강과 관련한 영양적 지표에 보다 바람직한 것으로 증명되었다.

• 한국결정학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2004

Two new nickel vanadium borophosphate cluster compounds, $(NH_4)_{10}[Ni(H_2O)_5]_4[V_2P_2BO_{12}]_6{\cdot}nH_2O$ (1) and $(NH_4)_{3.5}(C_3H_{12}N_2)_{3.5}[Ni(H_2O)_6]_{1.25}{[Ni(H_2O)_5]_2[V_2P_2BO_{12}]_6{\cdot}nH_2O$ (2) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Inter-diffusion methods were employed to prepare the compounds. The cluster anion $[(NH_4)\;{\supset}\;V_2P_2BO_{12}]_6$ is used as a building unit in the synthesis of new compounds containing $Ni(H_2O){^{2+}_5}$ in the presence of pyrazine and 1,3-diaminopropane. Compounds contain isolated cluster anions with general composition ${[Ni(H_2O)_5]_n[(NH_4)\;{\supset}\;V_2P_2BO_{12}]_6}^{-(17-2n)}$ (n = 2, 4). Crystal data: $(NH_4)_{10}[Ni(H_2O)_5]_4[V_2P_2BO_{12}]_6{\cdot}nH_2O$, monoclinic, space group C2/m (no. 12), a = 27.538(2) ${\AA}$, b = 20.366(2) ${\AA}$, c = 11.9614(9) ${\AA}$, ${\beta}$ = 112.131(1)$^{\circ}$, Z = 8; $(NH_4)_{3.5}(C_3H_{12}N_2)_b[Ni(H_2O)_6]_{3.5}{[Ni(H_2O)_5]_2[V_2P_2BO_{12}]_6{\cdot}nH_2O$, triclinic, space group P-1 (no. 2), a = 17.7668(9) ${\AA}$, b = 17.881(1) ${\AA}$, c = 20.668(1) ${\AA}$, ${\alpha}$ = 86.729(1)$^{\circ}$, ${\beta}$ \ 65.77(1)$^{\circ}$, ${\gamma}$ = 80.388(1)$^{\circ}$, Z = 2.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.730-739
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• 2022

Objective: This study investigated the effects of dietary n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio on growth performance, blood indexes, tissue fatty acid composition and the gene expression in finishing pigs. Methods: Seventy-two crossbred ([Duroc×Landrace]×Yorkshire) barrows (68.5±1.8 kg) were fed one of four isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets with n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 2:1, 3:1, 5:1, and 8:1. Results: Average daily gain, average daily feed intake and gain-to-feed ratio had quadratic responses but the measurements were increased and then decreased (quadratic, p<0.05). The concentrations of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and interleukin 6 were linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, while that of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol tended to decrease (p = 0.062), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol:low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and leptin concentration were linearly decreased (p<0.05). The concentration of serum adiponectin had a quadratic response but the measurement was decreased and then increased (quadratic, p<0.05). The proportion of C18:3n-3 was linearly decreased (p<0.05) in the longissimus thoracis (LT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) as dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio increasing, while the proportion of C18:2n-6 and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio were linearly increased (p<0.05). In addition, the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and lipoprotein lipase in the LT and SCAT, and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in the SCAT had quadratic responses but the measurements were increased and then decreased (quadratic, p<0.05). The expression of HSL in the LT was linearly decreased (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. Conclusion: Dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio could regulate lipid and fatty acid metabolism in blood and tissue. Reducing dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio (3:1) could appropriately suppress expression of related genes in PPARγ signaling, and result in improved growth performance and n-3 PUFA deposition in muscle and adipose tissue in finishing pigs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.95-106
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• 1995

The effects of various n-6/n-3 ratios(about 2, 4, 6, 8) of dietary fatty acids on various lipid levels and prostaglandin production were studied at the constant P/S ratio (1.5-1.6) in young (5 weeks old) and adult(8 months old) Sprague-Dawley rats using palm oil, safflower oil and sardine oil. The concentration of serum cholesterol tended to increase with the increasing n-6/n-3 ratio. The tendency of HDL-cholesterol levels was similar to serum cholesterol levels. These were not apparent differences between young and adults rats. Serum triglyceride levels increased according to increasing n-6/n-3 ratio in young rats. These were generally high in the adult rats compared with the young rats. Though liver cholesterol level tended to increase according to the increasing n-6/n-3 ratio in the young rats. The liver triglyceride level did not change according to the n-6/n-3 ratio. However, these levels were apparently higher in the adult than in the young rats. The fatty acid compositions of phosphatidylcholine(PC) were similar in serum and liver. The arachidonate/linoleate ratios in tissue PC were influenced by the n-6/n-3 ratio. They tended to be lower in the adult rats compared with the young rats. It was suggested that the activity of $\Delta$6-desturase was decreased by aging. Production of platelet thromboxane A2(TXA2)and aortic prostacyclin(PGI2) was not apparently influenced with n-6/n-3 ratio. Whereas the ratio of TXA2/PGI2 was the lowest value at 3.8 of n-6/n-3 ratio, expecially in the young rats. Thus this ratio seemed to be a desirable level to protect atherosclerosis. These results indicate that the lipid level and prostaglandin production were influenced not only by n-6/n-3 ratio(under constant P/S ratio) but by aging, particulary triglycerde level and arachidonic/linoleic acid ratio.