• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.66-70
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• 2016

Background In this study, we characterize the morbidity at the donor-site of partial second toe pulp free flaps in terms of wound management as well as long-term outcomes. Methods A single-institutional retrospective review was performed for patients who had undergone partial second toe pulp free flap transfer to the fingertip. Patient charts were reviewed for infection, skin necrosis, wound dehiscence, and hematoma for the donor site. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was given to patients who had a follow-up of longer than 1 year to characterize long-term postoperative pain and appearance. Results The review identified a total of 246 cases. Early wound complications were significant for wound dehiscence (n=8) and hematoma (n=5) for a wound complication rate of 5.3%. The questionnaire was distributed to 109 patients, and 54 patients completed the survey. Out of these 54 patients, 15 patients continued to have donor-site pain (28%) at a mean follow-up period of 32.4 months. However, the pain intensity was relatively low in the range between 2 to 5, on a 0-10 scale. None of these patients felt this donor-site pain interfered significantly with daily activity, nor did any patient require pain medications of any type. Donor-site appearance was satisfactory to most patients. Conclusions The partial second toe pulp flap was associated with low rates of wound complications and favorable long-term outcomes. Given the functional and aesthetic gain in the recipient finger, donor-site morbidities appear acceptable in this patient population. This study can be helpful in counseling patients regarding donor-site morbidity during the informed consent process.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.767-778
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• 2006

This study was carried out to evaluate the temporal variations of VOCs at an urban site, and to compare the concentrations of VOCs at an urban site in Daegu with those at a suburban site in Gyeongsan. Three hourly VOC samples in the ambient air were collected using a sequential tube sampler (STS 25, Perkin Elmer) throughout two weeks during May and July representing spring and summer seasons, respectively. The VOC concentrations were determined by an automatic thermal desorption apparatus with GC/MS analysis. A total of 12 VOCs of environmental concern were determined, which are chloroform, benzene, trichloroethylene, toluene, tetra-chloroethylene, ethylbenzene, m+p-xylenes, o-xylene, styrene, 1,3,5- and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzenes. Among 12 target VOCs, the most abundant compound appeared to be toluene, being followed by xylenes. The mean concentrations at the urbn site were 1.2 pub for benzene and 20.4 ppb for toluene (n=221) while the mean levels at the suburban site were 0.9 ppb and 4.3 ppb for benzene and toluene (n=96), respectively. The urban site concentrations were typically several-fold higher than those measured at the suburban site. It was found that general trends of VOC levels were significantly dependent on traffic conditions at the sampling site since VOC concentrations were at their maximum during rush hours, i.e. $9{\sim}12a.m$ and $6{\sim}9p.m$. Statistical investigations were conducted to investigate any significant relationships between VOC concentrations and affecting factors. Calculated correlation coefficients among VOCs were positively significant at a level of 0.05 in most cases. Increased concentrations of toluene in the urban site were estimated to reflect the effect of large industrial sources, mainly from textile industry.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.365-375
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• 2005

For managing and utilizing a closed municipal solid waste landfill site in environmentally secure conditions, it is necessary to verify the stabilization level of landfill gas(LFG) and waste. For assessing LFG and waste stabilization of an open-dumping municipal solid waste landfill (Salmi Landfill) which is located at the vicinity of Chungju Reservoir which flows into Paldang Reservoir that has been used for Seoul Metropolitan water supplies, the history and the surrounding characteristics of the landfill site were surveyed. In this study, waste and LFG samples obtained from landfill site were physically and chemically analyzed, and then the analysis results were evaluated on the basis of 'The Criteria of Landfill Waste Stabilization(CLWS)' that were promulgated by Korean Ministry of Environment. Based on LFG composition of Salmi landfill, $CH_4$ was as high as 68%. In CLWS regulation, the stabilization criteria of $CH_4$ should be lower than 5%, and the criteria of C/N ratio should also be lower than 1/10. The result showed that C/N ratio of landfilled waste ranged 17.4~24.7. From this results, it was concluded that the LFG and C/N ratio stabilization level of this landfill based on the CLWS were still actively proceeding.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.821-827
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• 2005

The Yocheon is an upper stream of Sumjin river, passing through Namwon city. The water temperature of the stream increases from upper stream to downstream. The amount of COD, T-P, T-N, EC, TDS abruptly increases at measuring site 8. Whereas, the pH and DO level abruptly decreases at this site. At this point, the Yocheon river joins another small stream passing through the central part of Namwon city. At a further downstream pass site 8, the amount of COD on April and June (a dry season) is on third grade of water quality for lacustrine. This contamination suggests that sewage from the Namwon city provide COD, T-N, T-P into the stream. At point 2, the high amount of T-N indicates that the upper stream is contaminated by agricultural activity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 1999

This study was conducted to clarify the differences in small mammal populations due to habitat structure caused by different forest practices within natural deciduous forests at National Forest, Pyoungchang, Kangwon Province, Korea from May to November, 1996. Three sites, 1ha each, were selected as cutting, thinning, and control for live trapping of small mammals. Total captures of small mammals in all sites were combined Apodemus peninsulae(45.1%, n=64) and Eothenomys regulus(54.9%, n=78). A. peninsulae was captured in the cutting and the control site. And E. regulus was captured in the thinning and the control site. The number of captured small mammals in a month were the highest in the control site and the lowest in the cutting site. A. peninsulae's mean body weight of adult individuals was more higher in the control site than in the cutting site. And E. regulus's mean body weight of adult individuals was more higher in the control site than in the thinning site. Habitat structure seems to be an important factor in abundance and species composition of small mammals.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.161-164
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• 1979

The effect of acidity and the metal surface area of the Pd loaded zeolite catalysts; prepared from $Ca^{2+}-,\;La^{3+}-,\;NH_4^+-$exchanged Y and dealuminated HY was studied for the reaction of n-butane. The amount of strong acid site determined by the temperature programmed desorption of ammonia increased in the order NaY < CaY < LaY. Total amount of acid site decreased with increasing degree of dealumination, but the portion of strong acid site increased with increasing $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$ ratio. The effective metal surface area determined by the CO adsorption technique was large for those zeolite catalysts having strong acidity. It was found that conversion of n-butane was strongly dependent on the acidity and the effective metal surface area of the catalysts. The fact that the conversion of n-butane was proportional to the effective metal surface area suggests that the dehydrogenation by metallic component is the primary step in the reaction of n-butane.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.357-366
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to evaluate a method for the measurement of N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) and to apply the method to the ambient air samples. For the determination of DMF together with other general VOCs (e.g., benzene, toluene, and xylenes), adsorption sampling and thermal desorption with GC/MS was used in this study. The sampling and analytical approaches tested in this study showed a good repeatability and linearity with lower detection limits of less than 0.35 ppb. Field measurements were carried out at three industrial sites (Daegu-Seongseo, Siwha and Banwall industrial complexes) and one residential site in Daegu city during a period from October 2006 to November 2008. DMF was detected in 71.8% of the total samples from the Seongseo industrial complex, well known for textile industry. In contrast, DMF was detected in only 20.4% and 12.9% of all the samples from the other two sites in Banwall and Siwha industrial complexes, respectively. This implies that sources of DMF should be strongly associated with textile industry. The mean concentration of DMF also appeared to be the highest in Seongseo site (5.95 ppb), followed by a residential site in Daegu (3.28 ppb), Banwall (0.88 ppb) and Siwha (0.55 ppb). In this study, we demonstrated the environmental significance of DMF in urban ambient air. To our knowledge, the DMF measurement introduced in this paper is the first case of an official report in Korea.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.21-21
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• 2002

사람의 erythropoietin (hEPO) 는 산성 당단백질 호르몬이며 적혈구 생산의 주요조절인자로서 적혈구의 분화와 hemoglobin (Hb) 형성을 촉진하여 빈혈치료제로 이용된다. 사람 EPO 는 166개 아미노산으로 구성되어 있으며, 24, 38, 83 번 아미노산은 N-glycosylation에 의해, 126 번 아미노산은 O-glycosylation에 의해 변형되며, 특히 N-glycosylation은 hEPO 의 세포외 분비 및 활성에 관여한다고 보고된 바 있다. (중략)

• ALGAE
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2004

Since cultural eutrophication has the detrimental effects on estuarine and coastal ecosystems, recognition of early stage of nutrient over-enrichment is critical for effective managements of the ecosystems. Since released nutrients into coastal ecosystems are diluted and dissipated through tidal action and rapid uptakes by marine plants, monitoring of in situ nutrient concentrations may not be useful for detecting early eutrophication on coastal and estuarine ecosystems. To develop an effective indicator of cultural eutrophication using marine plants, tissue N content and area normalized leaf mass of eelgrass, Zostera marina were examined in Kosung Bay and Koje Bay on the south coast of Korea from June 2001 to April 2003. Eelgrass tissue N content exhibited obvious seasonal variations. Leaf N content was highest during winter and early spring and lowest during summer. Eelgrass tissue N content was higher at Kosung Bay site, which has higher sediment organic content, than at Koje Bay site. Area normalized leaf mass showed reverse trend of leaf N content, and consequently, eelgrass leaf N content and leaf mass exhibited strong negative correlation at both study sites. The results of the present study suggested that the ratio of eelgrass leaf N content to area normalized leaf mass can be applied to assess environmental nitrogen conditions on the coastal and estuarine ecosystems.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.154-158
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• 2001

The steps for the generation of very thin GaN films on ultrathin AlN/6H-SiC surface by alternating a pulsative supply (APS) of trimethyl gallium and NH3 gases have been examined by ASED-MO calculations. We postulate that the gallium cul ster was formed with the evaporation of CH4 gases via the decomposition of trimethyl gallium (TMG), dimethyl gallium (DMG), and monomethyl galluim (MMG). During the injection of NH3 gas into the reactor, the atomic hydrogens were produced from the thermal decomposition of NH3 molecule. These hydrogen gases activated the Ga-C bond cleavage. An energetically stable GaN nucleation site was formed via nitrogen incorporation into the layer of gallium cluster. The nitrogen atoms produced from the thermal degradation of NH3 were expected to incorporate into the edge of the gallium cluster since the galliums bind weakly to each other (0.19 eV). The structure was stabilized by 2.08 eV, as an adsorbed N atom incorporated into a tetrahedral site of the Ga cluster. This suggests that the adhesion of the initial layer can be reinforced by the incorporation of nitrogen atom through the formation of large grain boundary GaN crystals at the early stage of GaN film growth.