• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.44-52
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• 2018

Background: The deep cervical flexor (DCF) muscles have a crucial role in the management of neck pain. For preventing neck pain by activation of the DCF, craniocervical flexion (CCF) is an effective exercise. However, sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle is considered to affect negatively the activation of the DCF. SCM muscle which is an accessory muscle for respiration is activated differently depending on types of breathing patterns. It's not certain that breathing patterns affect the SCM and DCF muscles thickness during CCF exercise. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of breathing patterns on the SCM and DCF muscles thickness during CCF exercise. Methods: Forty-five subjects participated in this study, and they were classified according to their breathing pattern, as follows: costodiaphragmatic breathing (CDB) and upper costal breathing (UCB) groups. Ultrasonographic imaging of the SCM and DCF muscles was performed during five incremental levels of CCF during tidal breathing and expiration. Results: There was a significant interaction between the breathing pattern and the phase of CCF for percentage of SCM muscle thickness changes (p<.05). In phase 1 CCF, a percentage of SCM muscle thickness changes was increased in the UCB group than in the CDB group (p<.05). There was an increase in DCF muscles thickness with each additional CCF phase (p<.05). Conclusion: Recruitment of SCM muscle was increased in the UCB group while performing CCF with a low intensity. There were no significant differences on DCF recruitment between the breathing pattern groups. Higher CCF exercise intensities elicited a higher DCF recruitment.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2020

Background: For performing various movements well, cooperation between the muscles around the scapula and shoulder has been emphasized. Taping has been widely used clinically as a helpful adjunct to other physiotherapy methods for shoulder pathology and dysfunction treatment. Previous studies have evaluated the effect of taping techniques using dynamic tapes on shoulder function and pain. However, no study investigated the electromyographic (EMG) changes in the shoulder muscles. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the upper limb offload taping technique using a dynamic tape on EMG activities of the upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius, serratus anterior (SA), and middle deltoid (MD) muscles during scaption plane elevation. Methods: A total of 26 healthy subjects (19.85 ± 6.40 years, male = 20) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were instructed to perform scaption elevation with and without dynamic taping on the shoulder. Shoulder elevation strength tests were performed at 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25%, for the maximal isometric contraction force. Results: There were statistically significant interaction effects between the taping application and shoulder scaption elevation force in EMG activities in the UT (p < 0.05) and MD (p < 0.05). EMG activities in the UT showed significant increases in 50%RVC (reference voluntary contraction, p < 0.05) and 25%RVC (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the EMG activity of the SA significantly increased in 50%RVC (p < 0.01) and 25%RVC (p < 0.01) after dynamic taping. For the MD, the EMG activity level significantly decreased in 100%RVC (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These results indicated that upper limb offload dynamic taping application affects the muscle activities of some shoulder muscles depending on different scaption elevation strength levels. Therefore, we suggest that the upper limb offload dynamic taping can be applied to the shoulders when patients need middle deltoid inhibition or upper trapezius facilitation, such as patients with shoulder impingement syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.31-46
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• 2002

The purpose of this research is to provide scientific training guides and the basis for preventing injuries in performing tango backward walk by comparing the effects the height and shape of a heel will have on leg muscles and determining the difference between skilled and unskilled dancers through EMG analysis according to different types of shoes Total eight female athletes were selected for this research. Four with six years of professional dancing experience and another four with one year of dance sports experience. Utilizing the EMG system, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, anterior tibialis, gastrocnemius were measured under different heights (0cm, 5cm, 7cm, 9cm) and shapes (flat, fine, wide) of a heel. Experiments were conducted calculating EMG peak value and muscle load ration under different types of shoes in order to analyze the EMG of leg muscles and Erector Spinae when performing tango backward walk. The result was as follows: 1. The EMG peak value of leg muscles showed significant difference under different heights of a heel in anterior tibialis(p<.001) and gastrocnemius(p.<01) in case of skilled dancers, and in biceps femoris(p.<01) in case of unskilled dancers. 2. The EMG peak value of leg muscles showed significant difference under different shapes of a heel in anterior tibialis(p<.001) and gastrocnemius(p<.001) in case of skilled dancers, and showed no significant difference in case of unskilled dancers. 3. The muscle load ration of leg muscles showed different degrees of muscle contribution between skilled and unskilled dancers. The muscle load ration was in the order of anterior tibialis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius in case of skilled dancers and anterior tibialis, gastrocnemius, biceps femoris, and rectus femoris in case of unskilled dancers.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.19-27
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• 2009

Objectives : To investigate the improvement rate of muscle weakness caused by lumbar disc herniation, 17 patients was treated with oriental medicine. Methods : To evaluate weakness of big toe extensor muscles caused by lumbar disc herniation, we measured the active range of motion(ROM) of big toe extension and muscle grading of big toe extensor muscles. We also measured numerical rating scale(NRS), oswestry disability index(ODI) and compared them with the active ROM of big toe extension. Results : 1. Progressive weakness of big toe extensor muscles was observed in 2 patients. Weakness of big toe extensor muscles were improved in 13 patients(76%). 2. Changes in manual muscle testing(MMT) scores corresponded with improvement rate of big toe extension. 3. Numerical rating scale(NRS) and oswestry disability index(ODI) improvement rate did not correspond with improvement rate of big toe extension. Conclusions : Muscle weakness caused by lumbar disc herniation can be treated with oriental medicine and progressive muscle weakness must be observed constantly.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.321-328
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA) administration alone or exercise combined with DHEA before steroid treatment on rat hindlimb muscles. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of three groups: a steroid group(S, n=10) that had no treatment for 7 days before steroid treatment; a DHEA-steroid group(DS, n=8) that had 0.34 mmol/kg/day DHEA injection once a day for 7 days before steroid treatment and an exercise+DHEA-steroid group(EDS, n=9) that ran on the treadmill combined with 0.34 mmol/kg/day DHEA injection for 7 days before steroid treatment. At 15 days all rats were anesthetized and soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles were dissected. Body weight, food intake, muscle weight, myofibillar protein content and cross-sectional area of the dissected muscles were determined. Results: The DS group showed significant increases(p<.05) as compared to the steroid group in body weight, and muscle weight of gastrocnemius muscles. The EDS group showed significant increases(p<.05) as compared to the S group in body weight, muscle weight, myofibrillar protein content, and Type II fiber cross-sectional area of soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles. Conclusion: Exercise combined with DHEA administration before steroid treatment prevents steroid induced muscle atrophy, with exercise combined with DHEA administration being more effective than DHEA administration alone in preventing muscle atrophy.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.117-128
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• 2000

The present study explored the influence of temporomandibular disorders(TMD) with anterior open bite on swallowing. Fifteen subjects with anterior open bite(group A), 9 subjects with anterior open bite and TMD(group B), and 24 subjects without malocclusion or TMD symptoms (group C) were included. BioPAK system(Bioresearch Inc., Milwaukee, WI, USA) was used to record the muscle activities of anterior temporal, masseter, sternocleidomastoid(SCM) and anterior digastric muscles during maximum clenching and swallowing. Positional change of the mandible during swallowing was also recorded using the same system. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Group A, B, and C did not show significant differences each other in the muscle activity of resting position in most of head and neck muscles. 2. Group B showed significantly lower muscle activity in maximum clenching than group C in anterior temporal(p<0.01), masseter(p<0.05), SCM(p<0.05) and digastric muscles(p<0.05). 3. Group A showed significantly lower muscle activity during swallowing than group C in anterior temporal and masseter muscles(p<0.01). Group B showed significantly lower muscle activity during swallowing than group C in anterior temporal(p<0.01), masseter(p<0.01), and SCM muscles(p<0.05). 4. Group A and B showed increased positional change of the mandible during swallowing measured from vertical, anteroposterior and lateral aspects, and prolonged swallowing(p<0.05). 5. After given instructions for normal swallowing pattern, group A and B showed increased muscle activity during swallowing in anterior temporal, masseter and SCM muscles(p<0.01). Positional change of the mandible and time elapsed for swallowing also decreased after the instruction(p<0.01). 6. Occlusal splint did not change the muscle activity during swallowing. However, vertical change(p<0.01) and swallowing time(p<0.05) were decreased with splint.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.583-592
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• 2013

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate muscles activation relate to core stability during 5 therapeutic exercise in children with spastic diplegia. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 8 children with typical development and 12 children with spastic diplegia who have been treated in Bobath children's hospital, all of whom agreed to participate in the study. All subjects were measured to see their muscles activation of rectus abdominalis, external oblique abdominalis, elector spinae, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, and semitendinosus with surface EMG. RESULTS: The results of this study were as follows : 1) There were statistically significant difference in the root mean square(RMS) of all muscles according to 5 therapeutic exercise in children with spastic diplegia. 2) There were statistically significant difference in the RMS of all muscles according to 5 therapeutic exercise in children with typical development. 3) Significant differences of the RMS between diplegic children and normal children were found in elector spinae and rectus femoris only curl-up exercise. CONCLUSION: As the above results, we suggest that 5 therapeutic exercises could be used for a core stability or core strengthening program. Depending on the individual needs of children with cerebral palsy, some of exercises may be more beneficial than others for achieving strength.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.95-104
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• 2020

PURPOSE: A prospective study was conducted to investigate the correlation between the inspiration ability, bone mineral density, lumbar muscle strength, and muscular endurance for the national softball athletes in the national training center. METHODS: The general characteristics of study subjects, inspiration ability, bone mineral density, muscle strength, and muscular endurance data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. In addition, the Pearson product moment correlation was performed to investigate the correlation between the inspiratory capacity, bone mineral density, muscle strength, and muscular endurance. RESULTS: The inspiration, flow rates, and volume were not correlated with the bone mass and bone mineral density. Inspiration and the flow rates and volume were not correlated with the bone mass and bone mineral density. On the other hand, inspiration was correlated with the Extensor muscles (r=.464, p=.006) at an angular velocity of 60°/s and the flexors (r=.463, p=.006) and extensor muscles (r=.615, p<.001) at an angular velocity of 180°/s. The flow rate was also correlated with the extensor muscles (r=.444, p=.009) at an angular velocity of 60°/s and with flexor muscles (r=.432, p=.011) and extensor muscles (r=.589, p<.001) at an angular velocity of 180°/s. Finally, the volume was correlated at the extensor muscles at an angular velocity of 180°/s (r=.534, p=.001). CONCLUSION: The correlation between the inspiratory capacity, bone mineral density, muscle strength, and muscular endurance of softball athletes did not correlate with the bone mass and bone density. On the other hand, the lumbar muscle strength increased with increasing inspiratory capacity.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.105-115
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• 1991

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the occlusal stability at the moment of dynamic occlusal tooth contact and to investigate the correlation between the occlusal stability and the masticatory muscle activities. It also evaluated the effect of short-term use of occlusal splints on the occlusal stability and the masticatory muscle activities in patients with temporomandibular disorders during maximum voluntary clenching by synchondronized with temporomandibular disorders during maximum voluntary clenching by synchronized use of the T-Scan system(Tekscan, Inc, USA) and K6-Diagnostic system(Myo-tronics Research, Inc, USA) The author measured its distance from retruded contact position(RCP) to intercuspal position(IP), average of contact intervals(ACI), total left-right statistics(TLR), average muscle activities of masseter and anterior temporal muscles during maximum voluntary clenching in 20 patients with temporomandibular disorders and 22 dental students as a control group. The data were compared between two groups and investigated for any correlations between the parameters. The results were as follows : 1. Both of the mean average of contact intervals and the mean absolute value of total left-right statistics during maximum voluntary clenching were increased in the patient group when compared with the control group. 2. Muscular disharmony of anterior temporal muscles of patient group is significantly greater than that of control group. However, muscular disharmony of masseter muscles of patient group is not significantly greater than that of control group. 3. There were significant correlations between muscular disharmony of anterior temporal muscles and average of contact intervals as well as total left-right statistics, and also between muscular disharmony of masseter muscles and total left-right statistics. 4. There were not any significant correlations between distance from RCP to IP and any other parameters. 5. There were a significant decrease in total left-right statistics and muscular disharmony of anterior temporal muscles during maximum voluntary clenching after a 1week use of occlusal splint in the patient group.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.907-915
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to effectively treat low back pain for the out patients who have been treated at the oriental hospital. Sorting the low back pain patients into four types based on scapular and ilium tilting hyper/hypo mobility characteristics, it has used several kinds of acupuncture stimuli on the 4 motor points of limb skeletal muscles, analyzing the acupuncture treatment on the 12 acupuncture points with which oriental hospitals has given to the low back pain patients and comparing with this effect. It has been analyzed how effectively the acupuncture stimuli has been contributed to the low back pain patients who suffered from skeletal muscles of spinal limb thorax abdominal and spinal skeletal system. The results are as follows. 1. There has been changes after treatment in both the control and experimental groups for low back pain patients, but the latter has been more increased in changes than the former. 2. There were much effects on the balanced restorations for spinal skeletal muscle in both the control group and experimental one, but on terms of restoration degree, the degree of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. 3. Both the contrastive treatment and the experimental one have been contributed to the balanced restoration for all of the limb thorax abdominal muscles, but there were a few differences in terms of the way for restoration and the effects for improvement according to body types. 4. On both the control and the experimental group, spinal skeletal system has been restored with balance, but the experimental group has been higher effective on the balanced restoration than the one of the control group. Considering these results both the control and the experimental treatments have been contributed to the balanced restorations for all of low back pain patients who were suffering from skeletal muscles of spinal limb thorax abdominal and spinal skeletal system, but the contribution degree for the experimental group has been higher than that of the control group.