• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.339-346
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• 2018

This study was conducted to monitor the current status of pesticide residues in a total of 297 agricultural products for raw juice from January 2017 to September 2017. Pesticide residues in samples were analyzed by multiresidue method for the determination of multiclass pesticide with an aim to detect 220 pesticides using GC/ECD, GC/NPD, TOF/MS, LC/PDA, LC/FLD, and LC/MS-MS. The analysis revealed the presence of nine pesticides in 14 samples. The detected pesticides were chlorpyrifos, cyflufenamid, chlorothalonil, pendimethalin, azoxystrobin, pyridalyl, imazalil, fludioxonil and procymidone. The kinds of detected crops were mandarin, carrot, apple, celery, chicory, orange and grape. Risk assessment evaluated human health exposure with the ratio of EDI (Estimated daily intake) to ADI (Acceptable daily intake) of pesticides detected and the range of %ADI (the ratio of EDI to ADI) values was 0.0011~6.7087% and safety level.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.453-462
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• 2011

This study was carried out to survey the residual characteristics of pesticides and assess their safety. Nineteen agricultural commodities, collected from wholesale and traditional markets in Cheongju. Nineteen agricultural commodities including perilla leaves were collected from the markets on October 29th, 2010. Total 240 pesticides which can be analyzed by multiresidue analysis method by GLC and HPLC were monitored and the pesticides detected were confirmed by GC-MSD and LC-MS. Five pesticides, alachlor, bifenthrin, endosulfan, procymidone and triflumizole, were detected from five samples, such as welsh onion, leek and celery in case of wholesale market and perilla leaves and welsh onion in case of traditional market. Detection rate of 13.2% was obtained as a result of pesticide analysis but 2.6% of the pesticides detected exceeded their maximum residue limits. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) and maximum permissible intakes (MPIs) of the pesticides detected were less than 26% and 0.05% of their acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) respectively, representing that residue levels of the pesticides detected would be safe.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.783-789
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• 2015

In recent years, consumers have become more interested in convenient lifestyles, leading to increased use of salted cabbages for preparation of kimchi. This study aimed to investigate the safety of heavy metals, pesticide residues, and foodborne pathogens in commercial salted cabbages in Seoul from August to November, 2014. The survey, which was conducted to determine whether or not salted cabbages were prepared under the highest sanitary conditions, showed that Seoulites are interested in purchasing hygienic and safe salted cabbages. The average amounts (range) of Pb and Cd found in 30 salted cabbage samples were 0.007 (0.000~0.063) mg/kg and 0.004 (0.000~0.012) mg/kg, respectively. The cabbages were analyzed for residues from 285 types of pesticides using the multiresidue method. Residues for pesticides were not detected. Major foodborne pathogens, specifically Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens and Norovirus, were also not detected.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2015

This study was carried out to monitor the current status of pesticide residues in selling agricultural products via online and assessed their safety in 2014. A total of 124 samples were purchased six times from March to August 2014 twenty online shopping malls randomly. These samples were analysed 208 pesticides by multiresidue method using a GC-ECD/NPD and a LC-MS/MS and confirmed by a GC-MSD. As a result of analysis, residual pesticides samples were 11 (8.9%) such as leek, young radish, welsh onion etc, of which 2 samples (1.6%) such as sesame bud (Chlorothalonil), artemisia (Chlorpyrifos) were violated Korea Maximum Residue limits (MRLs). 11 kinds of pesticides (19 times) were detected in 11 samples. Risk assessment evaluated human health exposure with the ratio of EDI (Estimated daily intake) to ADI (Acceptable daily intake) of pesticides detected. %ADI (the ratios of EDI to ADI) were 0.04~95.70% and some samples represented a fairly dangerous levels. In particular, Chlorothalonil in the sesame bud was shown as a significant risk close to 100% of %ADI. Accordingly, it is recommended to strengthen a safety check on agricultural products in online sales.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.73-80
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• 2011

Fifty substances of pesticide were selected for analysis through the historical investigation of pesticides detected from environmental-friendly agricultural soil, and the environmental-friendly agricultural soils in Gyeongnam area were collected and then were accepted Anve (accelerated solvent extraction) and SPve (solid-phase extraction) as multiresidue extraction and clean up methods suitable to the soils. The pesticide residues were analyzed by using GC/vCD/NPD, HPLC/UV/FL, GC/MSD, or HPLC/MSD. 50 kinds of pesticides for the soils were an average of 95.5% from retrieval ratio of the 72 to 118% range, and the average of 3.0% for CV (%). Among 40 samples of soil, 20 components were detected from pesticide residues of 21 samples, and average amounts detected for these components were 0.035 for endosulfan, 0.043 for ethoprophos, 0.020 for chlorpyrifos, 0.023 for chlorfenapyr, 0.047 for flufenoxuron, 0.070 for fenvalerate, 0.266 for cypermethrin, 0.016 for lufenuron, 0.022 for bifenthrin, 0.025 for fenobucarb/BPMC, 0.043 for difenoconazole, 0.059 for fenarimol, 0.020 for kresoxim-methyl, 0.026 for tetraconazole, 0.039 for isoprothiolane, 0.017 for iprobenfos, 0.014 for nolrimol, 0.156 for fluquinconazole, 0.047 for tebuconazole, and 0.045 mg/kg for oxadiazon. Therefore it is infered that the establishment of pesticide residues limit for environmental-friendly agricultural soil is needed as soon as possible.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

In this study, the pesticide residues in 106 commercial cereal grains were monitored from February to July 2021. For the investigation, 40 domestic and 66 imported products from large, small-to-medium sized offline and online distribution channels, were collected and analyzed by using the multiresidue method for 341 pesticides on GC/ECD, GC/NPD, GC/MSMS, UPLC/PDA, HPLC/FLD, LC/MSMS. Pesticides were detected in total of 8 samples (7.5%), of which one was from big box retailers, two from small and medium-sized distribution stores, and five from online shopping mall. Five (4.7%) samples were found to have pesticide residues greater than the maximum residue limits (MRLs). The detected pesticides in kidney beans (1 case), mung beans (6 cases), and sorghum (1 case), were MGK-264, chlorpyrifos, thiamethoxam, malathion, piperonyl butoxide, and pirimiphos-methyl. Specifically, an excessive amount of thiamethoxam was found from the imported mung bean (5 cases).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: For the safety of imported agricultural products, the study was conducted to develop the analytical method of unregistered pesticides in domestic. The analytical method of 6 pesticides, chlorthal-dimethyl, clomeprop, diflufenican, hexachlorobenzene, picolinafen, and propyzamide, for a fast multi-residue analysis were established for two different type crops, orange and brown rice by GC-ECD and confirmed by mass spectrometry. METHODS AND RESULTS: The analytical method was evaluated to limit of quantification, linearity and recoveries. The crop samples were extracted with acetonitrile and performed cleanup by liquid-liquid partition and Florisil SPE to remove co-extracted matrix. The extracted samples were analyzed by GC-ECD with good sensitivity and selectivity of the method. The limits of quantification (LOQ) range of the method with S/N ratio of 10 was 0.02~0.05 mg/kg for orange and brown rice. The linearity for targeted pesticides were $R^2$ >0.999 at the levels ranged from 0.05 to 10.0 mg/kg. The average recoveries ranged from 74.4% to 110.3% with the percentage of coefficient variation in the range 0.2~8.8% at two different spiking levels (0.02 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg) in brown rice. And the average recoveries ranged from 77.8% to 118.4% with the percentage of coefficient variation in the range 0.2~6.6% at two different spiking levels (0.02 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg) in orange. Final determination was by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/selected ion monitoring (GC/MS/SIM) to identify the targeted pesticides. CONCLUSION: As a result, this developed analytical method can be used as an official method for imported agricultural products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.378-381
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• 2012

The monitoring of the uniconazole residual pesticide for agricultural products was conducted by multiclass pesticide multiresidue methods. Samples were collected from June to November, 2011. Uniconazole pesticide was detected in 49 samples from a total of 3,939 samples. The amount of uniconazole pesticide ranged from 0.09 to 17.89 mg/kg in 49 samples. This method was described for the simultaneous determination of uniconazole by gas chromatography with a nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC-NPD) and mass spectrometry (MS). The limit of detection and quantification were 0.006 and 0.018 mg/kg GC-NPD, respectively. For an evaluation of the GC-NPD method, uniconazole spiked into gyeojachae at a level of 0.5, 5 mg/kg was determined. The recoveries of uniconazole by the GC-NPD method ranged from 83.4 to 101.4%. The results indicate that the method of simultaneous analysis is applicable to uniconazole analysis.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2001

Risk assessment traditionally are conducted on individual chemicals; however, humans are exposed to multiple chemicals in daily life. The organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are considered in a single risk assessment because they act by a common mechanism of toxicity, and there is likely to be expose to multiple OP pesticides simultaneously or sequentially. The OP pesticides act by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterasc (AChE) and have available extensive database. AChE is widely distributed throughout the body, most importantly in the nervous system. Inhibition of AChE results in accumulation of acetylcholine in the nervous system that results in clinical signs of cholinergic toxicity, including increased salivation and lacrimation, nausea and vomiting, muscle fasciculation, lethargy and fatigue, among others. To conduct an exposure assessment for pesticides in the diet, we need to know the food consumption patterns of the populations, and the pesticide residue levels in the foods that are consumed. This study was conducted to identify cumulative dietary risk due to multiple OP pesticides that can be exposed through various foods. Total 22 food samples including cereals, vegetables and fruits were collected randomly two times from food markets in several sites (4 cities). The subjected foods were selected by regarding of highly consumed foods to general Korean people. The 12 OP pesticides including Acephate, Azinphos-methyl, Chlorpyrifos, and Diazinon were monitored. For the exposure assessment, general adult group of 60 kg body weight was regarded as target population and food consumption data suggested by Lee et al. (2000) were used as consumed value of individual food. Analyses of samples for OP pesticides have been carried out according to the multiclass multiresidue analysis method and acephate and methamidophos analysis method of Korea Food Code. In general the levels of OP pesticides found in the food samples were very low or not detected.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.170-180
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate pesticide residues in 2,877 market vegetables in the northern area of Seoul in 2013. Pesticide residues in the samples were analysed by multiresidue method for 285 pesticides using GC-ECD/NPD and HPLC-DAD/FLD. 385 samples(13.4%) were detected with pesticide residues at or below MRL, and 15 samples(0.5%) were found to detect pesticide residues exceeding MRL. The most frequently detected samples were sedum(63.6%), chamnamul(45.8%), leek(44.5%) and green&red pepper(30.8%). Among the 15 violated samples, leek(5 cases) and welsh onion(4 cases) showed the highest violation rate. A total of 74 samples(18.5%) contained multiple pesticide residues in one vegetable. Procymidone, chlorofenapyr and cypermethrin were the pesticide most frequently found. As a tool of risk assessment through the consumption of pesticide detectable agricultural products, the ratio of estimated daily intake (EDI) to acceptable daily intake (ADI) was calculated into the range of 1.05~28.61%. The results have meant that there was no health risk through dieting commercial agricultural products detected with pesticide residues.