• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.162-169
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• 2012

본 논문은 초음파 적외선 열화상과 위상잠금 방법을 이용하여 이종금속용접(STS304 and SA106 Gr. b)된 파이프의 응력부식균열 결함을 검출하였다. 초음파 가진장치는 출력 250 Watt, 주파수 20 kHz이었다. 실험 결과 이종금속용접부의 파이프 내부에 위치한 균열을 적외선 열화상을 이용하여 검출할 수 있었다. 실제 PT검사를 통하여 배관 내부의 균열이 하나가 아닌 일정한 범위 안에 하나 이상의 크랙이 존재하여 열화상 이미지 상에 넓은 범위의 hot spot 이미지를 만들어 냈음을 파악할 수 있었다. 또한 기존 기술로 검출이 용이하지 못한 마이크로 폭의 미세균열을 검출할 수 있었다. 또한, 초음파탐상기술은 $10\;{\mu}m$ 미세크랙의 폭을 갖은 균열을 쉽게 검출하지 못하였다. 그러나 초음파 적외선 열화상 기술은 결함 검출하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.799-813
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• 2020

Fatigue cracks of rib-to-deck (RD) joints have been frequently observed in the orthotropic steel decks (OSD) using conventional U-ribs (CU). Thickened edge U-rib (TEU) is proposed to enhance the fatigue strength of RD joints, and its effectiveness has been proved through fatigue tests. In-depth full-scale tests are further carried out to investigate both the fatigue strength and fractography of RD joints. Based on the test result, the mean fatigue strength of TEU specimens is 21% and 17% higher than that of CU specimens in terms of nominal and hot spot stress, respectively. Meanwhile, the development of fatigue cracks has been measured using the strain gauges installed along the welded joint. It is found that such the crack remains almost in semi-elliptical shape during the initiation and propagation. For the further application of TEUs, the design curve under the specific survival rate is required for the RD joints using TEUs. Since the fatigue strength of welded joints is highly scattered, the design curves derived by using the limited test data only are not reliable enough to be used as the reference. On this ground, an experiment-numerical hybrid approach is employed. Basing on the fatigue test, a probabilistic assessment model has been established to predict the fatigue strength of RD joints. In the model, the randomness in material properties, initial flaws and local geometries has been taken into consideration. The multiple-site initiation and coalescence of fatigue cracks are also considered to improve the accuracy. Validation of the model has been rigorously conducted using the test data. By extending the validated model, large-scale databases of fatigue life could be generated in a short period. Through the regression analysis on the generated database, design curves of the RD joint have been derived under the 95% survival rate. As the result, FAT 85 and FAT 110 curves with the power index m of 2.89 are recommended in the fatigue evaluation on the RD joint using TEUs in terms of nominal stress and hot spot stress respectively. Meanwhile, FAT 70 and FAT 90 curves with m of 2.92 are suggested in the evaluation on the RD joint using CUs in terms of nominal stress and hot spot stress, respectively.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국문화재보존과학회 2004년도 제20회 발표논문집
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• pp.92-100
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• 2004

The host rocks of brick-shaped stone pagoda in the Bunhwangsa temple are lots of kinds andesitic rocks, which has gone through mechanical and chemical weathering. As the overall observation, the pagoda is serious damages by air pollutants, and the northeast parts show the much advanced state of turning white, while the southeast parts are heavily cracked in the materials. The rocks of brick-shaped pagoda body are in a relatively stable condition of weathering and damage except for the abrasion and cracks of the corners. The rocks of the pagoda roof suffer from more symptoms including multiple peel-offs, exfoliation, cracks forming round lines, and falling off stone pieces. The pagoda roof rocks are dominated by the thriving leafy lichens and mosses, especially, there are higher plants (selaginella involvens, dandelions) taking root actively between the brick stones and content mortar. There are even light gray precipitates like stalactites between the rocks of the body, In particular, the 1st and 2nd floor in the east side and the body parts in the north side are the most serious. Their major minerals are calcite, gypsum and clay minerals. The rocks of the stylobate and the tabernacle in all the four directions are composed mainly of granitic rocks. The materials consisting of the tabernacles show the severe splits and distortion, which causes the structural instability. The stylobate rocks are heavily contaminated by some weeds with the often marks of inorganic contamination by secondary hydroxides. The central part of the east stylobate has been sinking, while that of the 1st floor west stylobate is protruded nesting a line of cracks. Accordingly, the inside of the tabernacle is always humid with the constant introduction of rainwater. The stone lion standing in the southeast and northeast side are alkali granite, while that in the southwest and northwest lithic tuff. Each of the stone lion also coated with various colored lichens, mosses, algae, bacteria and bryophyte. The external materials of the pagoda have deteriorated the functions of the rocks and made the loss, falling off, and biological contamination even worse due to the surface weathering. Thus it's urgent to come up with scientific restoration and conservation measures through clinical tests.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2018

구조물의 강도 저하를 유발하는 균열의 조기 탐지 및 보수는 인적, 사회적 손실을 예방할 수 있는 중요한 부분이다. 이 논문에서는 균열 탐지를 위하여 적외선 열화상 기법 중 광-적외선 열화상 기술을 이용하여 콘크리트 시편의 균열 깊이에 따른 온도 특성을 분석하였다. 시멘트 반죽을 이용하여 0, 10, 20, 40, 80 mm의 인공 균열이 있는 시편을 제작하였으며, 인공 균열 부분은 깊이를 제외한 모든 부분을 같게 생성하였다. 실험은 시편의 온도 특성을 파악하기 위하여 열원을 통해 시편을 가열한 후 균열부의 최저 온도를 비교하였다. 시편의 균열 여부에 따라 시편 표면 온도 분포가 입사 에너지의 단일, 다중 반사 때문에 다르게 변화한다는 것을 확인하였으며, 시편의 온도 분포가 정상상태에 다다를수록 균열 깊이에 따른 온도가 감소하는 경향이 뚜렷해지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 정규화된 온도 데이터를 통하여 이 실험에 사용된 시편은 10분 후 정상 상태에 근접하였으며, 10분 이후의 온도 데이터를 선형 회기 분석한 선형 방정식 기울기의 표준편차는 0.0005, y 절편 표준편차는 0.0038이다. 이때 정규화된 온도데이터의 표준편차는 0.01 이하로 매우 정합하며 균열 깊이에 따라 온도가 선형적으로 감소하고 있다. 이러한 결과는 균열부의 다중 반사가 발생하는 면적과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 판단되며, 다양한 시편을 통해 균열부 면적과 입사 에너지의 상관관계를 분석한다면 무작위성이 높은 빛의 난반사 거동 모사에도 적용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 전산구조공학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.213-223
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• 1997

탄성파의 변형 및 응력계산에 관한 연구는 비파괴검사를 비롯하여 광범위한 공학분야에서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 특히 파형의 산란문제가 많은 연구자들에 의해 다양한 방법으로 연구되고 있다. 실린더 또는 구와 같은 간단한 형상을 지닌 산란체에 대하여, 정상상태 탄성파의 산란문제의 해석은 해석적 기법을 이용한 연구가 가능하다. 하지만 임의의 형상을 갖는 산란체 또는 다수의 함유체에 대한 해석에는 수치해석방법이 요구된다. 예를 들면, 무한요소법 또는 Global-Local 유한요소법이라고 하는 혼성 유한요소법과 같은 특수한 유한요소법등이 개발되고 있다. 최근에는 경계요소법을 사용한 산란문제의 해석에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 다수의 임의의 형상을 갖는 함유체, 공동 또는 크랙을 포함하고있는 무한고체에서의 일반적인 탄성동력학 문제를 해석하기 위해 새롭게 개발된 체적적분 방정식법을 소개한다. 또한 경계요소법을 사용하여 탄성파의 산란문제에 대한 수치해석을 수행하였으며, 이의 결과를 체적적분 방정식법의 결과와 비교 검토 하였다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.445-455
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• 2022

Steel anchor bolts are installed in concrete using a variety of methods. One of the most common methods of anchor bolt installation is using epoxy resin as an infill material injected into the drilled hole to act as a bonding material between the steel bolt and the surrounding concrete. Typical design standards assume uniform stress distribution along the length of the anchor bolt accompanied with single crack leading to pull-out failure. Experimental evidence has shown that the steel anchor bolts fail owing to the multiple failure patterns, hence these design assumptions are not realistic. In this regard, the presented research work details the analytical model that takes into consideration multiple micro cracks in the infill material induced via impact loading. The impact loading from the Schmidt hammer is used to evaluate the bond condition bond condition of anchor bolt and the epoxy material. The added advantage of the presented analytical model is that it is able to take into account the various type of end conditions of the anchor bolts such as bent or U-shaped anchors. Through sensitivity analysis the optimum stiffness and shear strength properties of the epoxy infill material is achieved, which have shown to achieve lower displacement coupled with reduced damage to the surrounding concrete. The accuracy of the presented model is confirmed by comparing the simulated deformational responses with the experimental evidence. From the comparison it was found that the model was successful in simulating the experimental results. The proposed model can be adopted by professionals interested in predicting and controlling the deformational response of anchor bolts.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제13권3호통권55호
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• pp.209-216
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• 2009

비내진상세 골조는 낮은 횡저항성을 가지고 있어 큰 변형을 경험하게 되는 반면, 벽체는 높은 강성으로 인해 낮은 변형에서도 전단에 의해 파괴된다. 따라서 이러한 골조와 벽체가 동시에 거동할 경우 발생하는 거동 특성은 개개 부재에서의 거동특성과 매우 다르게 된다. 본 연구에서는 끼움벽에 노치를 둘 경우 내진거동특성을 평가하고자 배근상세를 변수로 하였다. 이 때 노치로 인해 벽체 중앙부에 손상이 집중되는 것을 방지하기 위하여 변형경화형 시멘트 복합체(SHCC)를 사용하였다. 실험결과, SHCC 끼움벽은 다수의 미세균열을 형성하였으나, 대각보강근을 갖는 PIW-ND 실험체가 PIW-NC 실험체에 비해 낮은 변형능력, 강성 및 에너지소산능력을 보였다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1233-1250
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• 2016

Cracks in plate-like structures are some of the main reasons for destruction of the entire structure. In this study, a novel two-stage methodology is proposed for damage detection of flexural plates using an optimized artificial neural network. In the first stage, location of damages in plates is investigated using curvature-moment and curvature-moment derivative concepts. After detecting the damaged areas, the equations for damage severity detection are solved via Bat Algorithm (BA). In the second stage, in order to efficiently reduce the computational cost of model updating during the optimization process of damage severity detection, multiple damage location assurance criterion index based on the frequency change vector of structures are evaluated using properly trained cascade feed-forward neural network (CFNN) as a surrogate model. In order to achieve the most generalized neural network as a surrogate model, its structure is optimized using binary version of BA. To validate this proposed solution method, two examples are presented. The results indicate that after determining the damage location based on curvature-moment derivative concept, the proposed solution method for damage severity detection leads to significant reduction of computational time compared with direct finite element method. Furthermore, integrating BA with the efficient approximation mechanism of finite element model, maintains the acceptable accuracy of damage severity detection.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.593-606
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• 2015

This paper presents a novel concept of healing some of the damages in wind turbine blades (WTBs) such as cracks and delamination. This is achieved through an inherent functioning autonomous repairing system. Such wind turbine blades have the benefit of reduced maintenance cost and increased operational period. Previous techniques of developing autonomous healing systems uses hollow glass fibres (HGFs) to deliver repairing fluids to damaged sites. HGFs have been reported with some limitations like, failure to fracture, which undermines their further usage. The self-healing technique described in this paper represents an advancement in the engineering of the delivery mechanism of a self-healing system. It is analogous to the HGF system but without the HGFs, which are replaced by multiple hollow channels created within the composite, inherently in the FRP matrix at fabrication. An in-house fabricated NACA 4412 WTB incorporating this array of network hollow channels was damaged in flexure and then autonomously repaired using the vascular channels. The blade was re-tested under flexure to ascertain the efficiency of the recovered mechanical properties.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.640-648
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• 2004

This paper describes a new magnetization method for non-destructive testing with magneto-optical sensor (denoted as MO sensor) which have the following characteristic : high observation sensitivity, independence of the crack orientation, and precise imaging of a complex crack geometry such as multiple cracks. When a magnetic field is applied normally to the surface of a specimen which is significantly larger than its defects, approximately the same magnetic charge per unit area occurs on the surface of the specimen. If there is a crack in the specimen, magnetic charge per unit area has the same value at the bottom of the crack. The distribution of the vertical component of the magnetic flux density, B$\_$Z/, is almost uniform over the no-crack area (denoted as B$\_$Z,BASE/), while the magnetic flux density is smaller in the surroundings of the crack(denoted as B$\_$Z,CRACK/) If B$\_$Z, BASE/ is a bit larger than the saturated magnetic flux density of the MO sensor (B$\_$s/) , then small magnetic domains occur over the crack area and a large domain over the non-crack area because B$\_$Z,CRACK/ is smaller than B$\_$s/.