• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.37-52
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• 2022

Purpose - The objective of this study is to investigate what motivates global FDI inflows in the different economic development level and to clarify the FDI motivation type in the level of qualitative economic growth. Design/methodology/approach - Major macroscopic social·economic factors induced FDI inflows were analyzed using fixed-effect panel regression with 30-year panel data of 28 countries from 1985 to 2014. For analysis in the stage of economic growth, two category of developed and developing countries was used. And to analyze FDI motivation type in the level of qualitative economic growth, 4 shares of GDP; consumption·government·investment expenditure and export, was used as explanatory variable. Findings - In developed country, TFP(total factor productivity) and GDP have a great influence on FDI inflows, and consumption and labor compensation have a slight effect. This result indicates that the market seeking-driven, horizontal type investment is shown along with efficiency seeking investment. In developing country, human capital and TFP is shown to have greater impact on FDI inflows and labor compensation, exports, investment and government expenditures also have impacts. Thus it has confirmed that not only efficiency-seeking vertical investment for using low cost well educated laborer, but also government-driven economic growth and export policies could affect the FDI inflows. Research implications or Originality - The FDI investment decision making of multinational companies is decided by their own purpose. But, in the concept of as follows; 1) FDI is a long-term capital flowing for maximization of economic utility with limited global resource, 2) Thus FDI could be affected by macro socio·economic factors of host country. 3) Also such macro factors is different by each economic growth qualitative level. Therefore macro socio·economic factors of each country could be affected by the qualitative level of their own economic growth. To attract FDI inflows, it is desirable to implement differentiated incentive policies in the qualitative level of economic growth. Furthermore in developing countries it is recommended to implement government driven economic growth policies as follows; fostering well educated human resources, improving technology productivity in the relative lower cost labor market compared to developed countries and boosting international export volume.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.101-121
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• 2006

This case study explores various marketing strategies of Grundfos Pumps Korea Inc. that has become a front-runner in the industrial pump market of Korea as the enterprise that got into the business later. Grundfos Group, a multinational company with its head office in Denmark, has acknowledged diversity of each country and has granted its subsidiary companies with discretionary power so that they can establish marketing strategies suitable for the market they were competing in. Grundfos Pumps Korea has been very successful in its localization and differentiation of marketing strategies. First, Grundfos Pumps Korea achieved the trust of their customers by its high quality and consistent pricing strategies and has expanded its market very successfully with continuous product innovation and new product ideas. Second, it increased its brand awareness and recognition by brand differentiation along with the product differentiation strategy, which is exceptional in industrial market. It has conducted creative marketing activities and strategies to build brand equity and successful customer relationship management.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2004

As the environment for international logistics varies according to the globalization in world economy, world-class seaports are struggling for the position as strongholds in their own block. As a new government begins its own era in Korea, they are positively implementing their strategies at the level of government for making the Korean Peninsula the logistics centre in North-eastern Asia, marking the most of its geographic advantage. As one of those strategies, it plans to foster a specific area as an international logistics base camp in Northeast Asia by activating its logistics industry through inducing multinational logistics enterprises. In reality, however, in order for Busan seaport, the late-comer, to induce investment from the world-class multinational companies, a considerably large volume of investment should be given from both central and local governments. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to assess its competitiveness and to suggest an activation plan for BSDFA(Busan Seaport Duty-Free Area), based upon the results of on-the-spot interviews in China and Japan. The survey for the respondent's preference by way of Conjoint Analysis indicated that Investment procedures and limitations get the highest 36.2％ preference, so the most critical strategy to be considered for attracting enterprises into DFA(Duty-Free Area) is to solve the problems related to the investment procedures and limitations. The simulation analysis results for market share showed that UAE has the highest preference and BSDFA the lowest preference among the five countries. However, when the levels of investment procedures and limitations and production costare upgraded, the competitiveness of BSDFA was elevated next to that of UAE among the 5 countries. Thus, in order for BSDFA to obtain competitiveness, it is implied that production cost level as well as investment procedures and limitations level, should be lowered so that it could meet companies' demand.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.91-111
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• 2016

It is crucial for the social media based marketing practices to perform sentiment analyze the unstructured data written by the potential consumers of their products and services. In particular, when it comes to the companies which are interested in global business, the companies must collect and analyze the data from the social media of multinational settings (e.g. Youtube, Instagram, etc.). In this case, since the texts are multilingual, they usually translate the sentences into a certain target language before conducting sentiment analysis. However, due to the lack of cultural differences and highly qualified data dictionary, translated sentences suffer from misunderstanding the true meaning. These result in decreasing the quality of sentiment analysis. Hence, this study aims to propose a method to perform a multilingual sentiment analysis, focusing on Korean-Chinese cases, while avoiding language translations. To show the feasibility of the idea proposed in this paper, we compare the performance of the proposed method with those of the legacy methods which adopt language translators. The results suggest that our method outperforms in terms of RMSE, and can be applied by the global business institutions.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2004

An enterprise is a basic unit to constitute national economy and a unit of independent production economy to pursue profit based on separation between ownership of production means and labor. Even though price and quantity of production are decided by planned economy in order to survive in the mechanism of market economy, quantity of production and of demands can't be same at all because of consumers' different preferences. An enterprise uses audio-visual media like letters, pictures, and voice in order to grasp consumers' taste, to develop products and to advertise them. Advertising is communication that a company, a non-profit organization or an individual, that is shown in the message of an ad, makes through several media. It is time that a company should appeal its image, not only its products, to consumers as a salesman. Marketing strategy of company identity is to visualize a company's intentions, to formalize its motto, slogan or culture, to build up trust of products and the company in consumers, and then, to have the consumers forever. By the virtue of development of www in 1990s, the media has been expanded to online. Development of www has united the world into a network and the market has been changed to unlimited competition. This paper intends to define the concept and characteristics of web identity and investigates and analyzes how web sites of sports shoes express their identities. In addition, it analyzes influences of multinational companies' web identifies (in Korean version) and of local companies' web identities on local consumers. Through survey, it will analyze the effects of web identity and review its operation.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.101-111
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• 2015

The Emirate of Abu Dhabi is swiftly rising into a newly industrialized country by achieving economic prosperity among the Islamic cultural regions of Middle East and North Africa(MENA). Abu Dhabi Emirate is performing the conversion from oil economy to non-oil economy and the sustainable urban development policy. However, there are various social and environmental problems in Abu Dhabi. In order to solve the urban problems caused by the rapid economic growth and the changes in society and environment, Abu Dhabi is recognizing the importance of spatial information and triggering the establishment of spatial information. Spatial information is regarded as a basic infrastructure for urban construction and enlarged as a blue ocean market in Abu Dhabi. However, the base of spatial data infrastructure in Abu Dhabi is not well managed in comparison to that of Korea. Especially, Abu Dhabi has some characteristics that it depends on foreign multinational companies and it does not have its own systemic organization and law system. To advance into Abu Dhabi spatial data market under-controlled by global vendors, it is necessary to identify the advantage and disadvantage on spatial data infrastructure of Abu Dhabi and required to establish the advance methods into niche markets by considering priority order of spatial information. Thus, this study aims to analyze the gap of spatial information between Abu Dhabi and Korea and suggest the short and long term development methods for spatial data infrastructure of Abu Dhabi. The results of gap analyses will be the milestone for Korean companies' advance into MENA.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.23-46
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• 2006

In modern economic societies, individuals are governed by organizations and they managed their daily lives in one way or another. through such organizations. All activities of the organizations are carried out by the job performance of individuals. Job is a very important factor for both individuals and organizations. The study is the explore. the effect of job characteristics and organizational characteristics on the job satisfaction in the small- and medium- sized firms in Namdong und Banwool Area. Job characteristics and organizational justice were hypothesized to be positively related to job satisfaction. To examine the influence of job characteristics and organizational justice on job satisfactions, data were collected from 320 employees of the small- and medium- sized manufacturing companies in Namdong und Banwool Area. This research took independent variables as the core job characteristics of the job characteristic theory such as skill variety, job stagnation, job importance, autonomy, feed back, and organizational justice as distributive and procedural justice. As a result, I can make the following suggestions. First, The Results show that job characteristics and organizational justice were significant and important predictors of job satisfaction. Secondarily, to raise the job desire of organizational members, job must be designed in such a way that the members can highly recognize their job characteristics.

• Journal of Platform Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.10-31
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• 2021

The digital tax, recently referred to as the Google tax was finally agreed at the 31st General Assembly of the OECD (October 8, 2021) with full support by 136 countries and will take effect from 2023. The purpose of this study is to analyze the digital tax prepared by the OECD for global MNEs, and to suggest the impacts on the Korean industry and to present the Korean governmental countermeasures. As the first study, we analyzed the international agreement on digital tax. In results, we found that even if global MNEs do not set up a business operation in overseas countries, if sales and profits are generated, 25% of the excess profit is borne as tax (pillar 1), and when MNEs do business in all the countries, they are liable to at least a 15% tax (pillar 2). We think that countries around the world have prepared a minimum countermeasure to protect their companies in anticipation that global MNEs will easily encroach on their markets in the future. As the second study, in order to discover the reason why the MNEs are so strong, we investigated the trends of Google and B2B SaaS companies in details. In results, we discovered that the global MNEs establishes a digital platform partnership ecosystem that enables them to enter foreign markets easily and expand rapidly. In conclusion, as a countermeasure for the Republic of Korea, governmental policies were proposed at the corporate (startup nurturing), industry, and national level respectively.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2015

Developed countries have set seed industry as a new growth engine, which demands strong support from the government. Multinational seed companies such as Monsanto and DuPont have made huge financial investment to secure their major roles in the global market. To spur domestic seed industry performance, Korean government laid out the foundation for developing seed industry through policy promotion in the late 2000s. In this paper, I look at the current state of the domestic and international seed market to provide information for improving the efficiency of the propulsion of the Golden Seed Project (GSP) along with its vision. The increasing size of global giant companies has been regarded to monopolize the world seed industry wherein ten renowned companies occupy 73% of the overall global market. In effect, this causes a price hike due to limited seed choices. Domestic seed market has been stuck in a range due to a sustained low agricultural production resulting in decreased seed demand and market size. Though breeding technologies for rice and vegetables are world-class, the technologies for top global crops such as cabbage, paprika, and forage are insufficient therefore professionals in this field are not easily employed. Moreover, there is a lack in appropriate infrastructure set up in the universities which adds to ineffective training of professionals. Being a key-supporting industry for agriculture, seed industry should be granted with strong and sustainable investment support from the government. In view thereof, GSP, which started in 2012, ambitions to spur researches outlined by excellent professionals in universities and seed companies aimed to drive seed export volume and quality and attain domestic seed self-sufficiency through adoption of export- and import-substitution seed types (10 varieties each) development strategies. To develop Korea's seed industry excellent achievement of GSP's goals should be drawn successfully and to do this beside development of high quality seeds, support programs for promotion of seed exports are also needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2002

In light of addressing consumer health concern, coping with anti-tobacco movement, and promoting new product, tobacco industry is actively pursuing to make a new generation of cigarettes with low tar and nicotine deliveries, and less harmful substances. Low tar and low nicotine cigarettes increases their market shares dramatically world wide, especially in KT&G, multinational tobacco companies, EU countries, even in China regulated by CNTC to set up yearly target to lower tar and nicotine deliveries. On the other hand, to design a new cigarette with reduced harmful substances begins to gain speed. The "modified Hoffmann list" publishes thirty plus substances in tobacco leaf and main smoke stream, which is the prime suspect causing health problems. Various ways and means are developed to reduce such components including new tobacco breeds, new curing method, tobacco leaf treatment before processing, selected filtration system, innovated casing system to reduce free radicals, as well as some non conventional cigarette products. In TSRC held this year, the main topic is related to reduce tobacco specific nitrosamines in tobacco leaf. The new generation of cigarette is in the horizon. It still needs a lot help to produce commercial products with satisfied taste and aroma characters. The flavor industry is not regulated by many governments demanding which ingredients might or might not be for tobacco use. However, most of the cigarette companies self impose a list of ingredients to guide flavor suppliers to design flavors. Unfortunately, the number of ingredients in those lists is getting shorter every year. It is understandable that the health is not the only reason. Some cigarette companies are playing safe to protect the company from potential lawsuit, while others are just copying from their competitors. Moreover, it is obvious that it needs more assistance from casings and flavors to design new generation of cigarettes with missing certain flavor components in tobacco leaf and main smoke stream. These flavor components are either non-existed or at lower level at new form of cured tobacco leaf or filtered in the main smoke stream along with reduced harmful substances. The use of carbon filters and other selected filtration system poses another tough task for flavor system design. Specific flavor components are missing from the smoke analysis data, which brings a notion of "carbon taste" and "dryness" of mouth feel. It is ever more demanded by cigarette industry to flavor suppliers to produce flavors as body enhancer, tobacco notes, salivating agents, harshness reducer, and various of aromatic notes provided they are safe to use. Another trend is that water based flavor or flavor with reduced ethanol as solvent is gaining popularity. It is preferred by some cigarette companies that the flavor is compounded with all natural ingredients or all ingredients should he GMO free. The new generation of cigarettes demands many ways of new thinking process. It is also vital for tobacco industry. It reflects the real needs for the consumers that the cigarette product should be safe to use as well as bearing the taste and aroma characters smokers always enjoyed. An effective tobacco flavor system is definitely a part of the equation. The global trend of tobacco industry is like trends of any other industries lead by consumer needs, benefited with new technology availability, affected by the global economy, and subjected for various rules and regulations. Anti-tobacco organizations and media exceptionally scrutinize cigarette, as a legal commercial product. Cigarette is probably the most studied commercial product for its composition, structure, deliveries, effects, as well as its new developmental trend. Therefore, any new trend of cigarette development would be within these boundaries. This paper is trying to point out what it would be like for tobacco industry in the next few yews and what concerns the tobacco industry. It focuses mostly on the efforts to produce safer cigarettes. It is such a vital task for the tobacco industry and its affiliate industries such as cigarette papers, filters, flavors, and other materials. The facts and knowledge presented in this paper might be well known for the public. Some of the comments and predictions are very much personal opinion for a further discussion.