• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.72 no.5
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• pp.401-408
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• 2012

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a series of life-saving actions that improve the chances of survival, following cardiac arrest. Successful resuscitation, following cardiac arrest, requires an integrated set of coordinated actions represented by the links in the Chain of Survival. The links include the following: immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system, early CPR with an emphasis on chest compressions, rapid defibrillation, effective advanced life support, and integrated post-cardiac arrest care. The newest development in the CPR guideline is a change in the basic life support sequence of steps from "A-B-C" (Airway, Breathing, Chest compressions) to "C-A-B" (Chest compressions, Airway, Breathing) for adults. Also, "Hands-Only (compression only) CPR" is emphasized for the untrained lay rescuer. On the basis of the strength of the available evidence, there was unanimous support for continuous emphasis on high-quality CPR with compressions of adequate rate and depth, which allows for complete chest recoil, minimizing interruptions in chest compressions and avoiding excessive ventilation. High-quality CPR is the cornerstone of a system of care that can optimize outcomes beyond return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). There is an increased emphasis on physiologic monitoring to optimize CPR quality, and to detect ROSC. A comprehensive, structured, integrated, multidisciplinary system of care should be implemented in a consistent manner for the treatment of post-cardiac arrest care patients. The return to a prior quality and functional state of health is the ultimate goal of a resuscitation system of care.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.23-38
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• 2022

In this paper, a pitch-type wave energy converter (WEC-rotor) is investigated in irregular wave conditions for the real sea testing at the west coast of Jeju Island, South Korea. The present research builds on and extends our previous work on regular waves to irregular waves. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the WEC-rotor are assessed by establishing a quasi-two-dimensional numerical wave tank using computational fluid dynamics by solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation. The numerical solution is validated with physical experiments, and the comparison shows good agreement. Furthermore, the hydrodynamic performance of the WEC-rotor is explored by investigating the effect of the power take-off (PTO) loading torque by one-way and two-way systems, the wave height, the wave period, operational and high sea wave conditions. Irrespective of the sea wave conditions, the absorbed power is quadratic in nature with the one-way and two-way PTO loading systems. The power absorption increases with the wave height, and the increment is rapid and mild in the two-way and one-way PTO loading torques, respectively. The pitch response amplitude operator increases as the wave period increases until the maximum value and then decreases. For a fixed PTO loading, the power and efficiency are higher in the two-way PTO loading system than in the one-way PTO loading system at different wave periods.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.93-102
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• 2020

The design of large complex mechanical systems, such as automobile, aircraft, and ship, is a kind of Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) because it requires both experience and expertise in many areas. With the rapid development of technology and the demand to improve human convenience, the complexity of these systems is increasing further. The design of such a complex system requires an integrated system design, i.e., MDO, which can fuse not only domain-specific knowledge but also knowledge, experience, and perspectives in various fields. In the past, the MDO relied heavily on the designer's intuition and experience, making it less efficient in terms of accuracy and time efficiency. Process integration and the design optimization framework mainly support MDO owing to the evolution of IT technology. This paper examined the procedure and methods to implement an efficient MDO with reasonable effort and time using RCE, an open-source PIDO framework. As a benchmarking example, the authors applied the proposed MDO methodology to a bulk carrier's conceptual design synthesis model. The validity of this proposed MDO methodology was determined by visual analysis of the Pareto optimal solutions.

• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.257-266
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• 2000

산업 및 가정용 기기들이 점차 복잡해짐에 따라 다양한 공학 분야의 해석 기술을 동시에 고려하면서 이들 원리를 적용한 최적의 설계를 결정하는 방법론의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 다분야통합최적설계 또는 MDO(Multidisciplinary Design Optimization)라 일컫는 새로운 기술은 이러한 필요에 대응하는 기술로서 국내외적으로 활발한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이러한 MDO 기술을 구현하는 소프트웨어와 하드웨어 복합 체계를 MDO 프레임웍(framework)이라 한다. 일반적으로 프레임웍이란 실제 응용프로그램의 용도에 맞는 주문제작(customization)이 가능한 일종의 전단계 프로그램이라 할 수 있다 MDO 프레임웍은 설계 및 해석 도구들간의 인터페이스를 제공하고, 이들 도구들이 사용하는 설계 데이터를 효율적으로 공유할 수 있도록 지원하여, 설계 작업을 정의, 실행, 관리하는 역할을 한다. 이러한 MDO 프레임웍은 설계 작업을 통합적으로 관리하고 자동화하여 설계 도구간의 데이터 전달과 변환에 소묘되는 설계자의 부담을 경감시키며 다분야 전문가가 참여하는 공통 작업 환경을 제공함으로써 설계 효율성을 증진시킨다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 효용을 달성하기 위한 MDO 프레임웍(framework)을 제시하고 프레임웍 설계의 논리적 근저와 타당성을 밝힌다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 다분야 통합 최적화를 위한 분산형 지능 시스템인 DisMDO는 사용자가 GUI를 동해서 편리하게 다분야통합최적화 문제를 해결할 수 있도록 지원하며, 제공되는 스크립트 언어를 동해서도 이를 정의할 수 있도록 지원하여 일괄처리도 가능하도록 한다. 또한, 집중화된 데이터베이스를 관리하여 다분야 전문가들이 공통의 데이터를 안전하게 공유할 수 있도록 지원하며, 외부에서 제공되는 해석 도구나 최적화 모듈을 손쉽게 프레임웍에 통합시킬 수 있도록 하는 인터페이스 제작기(factory) 기능을 제공한다.ackscattering spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, secondary electron microscopy, atomic force microscoy, $\alpha$-step, Raman scattering spectroscopu, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 및 micro hardness tester를 이용하여 기판 bias 전압이 DLC 박막의 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 분석결과 본 연구에서 제작된 DLC 박막은 탄소와 수소만으로 구성되어 있으며, 비정질 상태임을 알 수 있었다. 기판 bias 전압의 증가에 따라 박막의 두께가 감소됨을 알 수 있었고, -150V에서는 박막이 거의 만들어지지 않았으며, -200V에서는 기판 표면이 식각되었다. 이것은 기판 bias 전압과 ECR 플라즈마에 의한 이온충돌 효과 때문으로 판단되며, 150V 이하에서는 증착되는 양보다 re-sputtering 되는 양이 더 많을 것으로 생각된다. 기판 bias 전압을 증가시킬수록 플라즈마에 의한 이온충돌 현상이 두드러져 탄소와 결합하고 있던 수소원자들이 떨어져 나가는 탈수소화 (dehydrogenation) 현상을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이것은 C-H 결합에너지가 C-C 결합이나 C=C 결합보다 약하여 수소 원자가 비교적 해리가 잘되므로 이러한 현상이 일어난다고 판단된다. 결합이 끊어진 탄소 원자들은 다른 탄소원자들과 결합하여 3차원적 cross-link를 형성시켜 나가면서 내부 압축응력을 증가시키는 것으로 알려져 있으며, hardness 시험 결과로 이것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 표면거칠기는 기판 bias 전압을 증가시킬수록 더 smooth 해짐을 확인하였다.인하였다.을 알 수 있었다. 즉 계면에서의 반응에 의해 편석되는 Ga에 의해 박막의 strain이 이완되면, pinhole 등의 박막결함

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.77.1-77.14
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• 2020

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main microorganisms that causes bovine mastitis, and its well-known virulence characteristics and interactions with the environment are used to aid the design of more efficient therapies. Objectives: To determine whether the virulence traits, such as antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming and internalization abilities, of S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis are related to dairy production system types. Methods: The study was performed in the Mexican states of Guanajuato and Michoacan. Semi-intensive dairy farms (SIDFs) and family dairy farms (FDFs) (454 and 363 cows, respectively) were included. The 194 milk samples from mastitis affected quarters were collected and 92 strains of S. aureus were isolated and identified by biochemical and molecular tests. Antibiotic resistance, biofilm and internalization assays were performed on 30 randomly selected isolated strains to determine virulence traits, and these strains were equally allocated to the 2 dairy production systems. Results: All 30 selected strains displayed a high degree of resistance (50%-91.7%) to the antibiotics tested, but no significant difference was found between SIDF and FDF isolates. S. aureus strains from SIDFs had an average biofilm forming capacity of up to 36% (18.9%-53.1%), while S. aureus strains from FDFs registered an average of up to 53% (31.5%-77.8%) (p > 0.05). Internalization assays revealed a higher frequency of internalization capacity for strains isolated from FDFs (33.3%) than for those isolated from SIDFs (6.7%) (p > 0.05). fnbpA gen was detected in 46.6% of FDF strains and 33.3% of SIDF strains, and this difference was significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings show that the virulence traits of S. aureus isolates analyzed in this study, depend significantly on several factors, such as phenotype, genotype, and environmental conditions, which are significantly related to dairy production system type and daily management practices.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.25-42
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• 1999

As todays manufacturers and business organizations are struggling to compete in the global marketplace, they are concentrating on the efficient use of numerous information on design, development production, testing, distribution, and maintenance of products throughout their whole life cycles. To meet these organizations demands on information integration, the CALS has been recently focused as a dominant philosophy. In this paper, we introduce the computer supports for engineering CALS in which the engineering process at an initial phase of product development is simultaneously and collaboratively peformed. The proposed system supports the following functions: a virtual prototyping, a distributed collaborative design, and engineering information management. We have conformed to CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) standard to support interoperability between distributed objects and have used JAVA to support cross-platform and distributed user access to the system on the Web. Under this system, multidisciplinary design teams in engineering CALS environment can collaboratively perform their tasks, share design information and communicate with each other on the Web.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.171-174
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• 2017

While many fertility preservation (FP) options now exist for reproductive-aged cancer patients, access to these services continues to be limited. A comprehensive FP program should be organized to serve oncofertility patients effectively. Also, much effort is needed from various individuals-patients, specialists from various fields, and consultants-to facilitate FP in a timely manner. Various challenges still exist in improving access to FP programs. To improve access to FP treatment, it is important to educate oncologists and patients via electronic tools and to actively navigate patients through the system. Reproductive endocrinology practices that receive oncofertility referrals must be equipped to provide a full range of options on short notice. A multidisciplinary team approach is required, involving physicians, nurses, mental health professionals, office staff, and laboratory personnel. The bottom line of FP patient care is to understand the true nature of each patient's specific situation and to develop a patient flow system that will help build a successful FP program. Expanding the patient flow system to all comprehensive cancer centers will ensure that all patients are provided with adequate information regarding their fertility, regardless of geography.

• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.61-68
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• 2004

Necessity to address engineering system uncertainties in design processes has long been acknowledged. To obtain quality of product, a safety factor is traditionally used by many design engineers due to its easy of use and comprehension. However, the safety factor approach often yields either conservative or unreliable designs, since it ignores the type of probability distribution and the mechanism of uncertainty propagation from the input to the output. For a consistent reliability-based design, two fundamental issues must be investigated thoroughly. First, the design-decision process that clearly identifies a mechanism of uncertainty propagation under system uncertainties needs to be developed, which must be an efficient and accurate process. To identify the mechanism more effectively, an adaptive probability analysis is proposed by adaptively setting probability levels through a posteriori error estimation. The second is to develop the design process that not only yields a high quality design but also a cost-effective optimum design from manufacturing point of view. As a result, a response surface methodology is specially developed for RBDO, thus enhancing numerical challenges of efficiency and complicatedness. Side crashworthiness application is used to demonstrate the integrated design process for product and manufacturing process design.

• Transactions of the KSME C: Technology and Education
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.23-52
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• 2017

Bio-fusion and medical device industry is the multidisciplinary engineering application technology industries, which are fused, such as electricity, electronics, machinery, materials. It aims to improve the quality of human life by using bio-fusion and medical devices, and is an important industry recognition and brand power for the product. However, there is a period that is required from the development of products with technology-dependent industries. Therefore, it is necessary to have continuous effort for industrial investment in research and development at the national level including technical support, institutional support, and human resources.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.2179-2182
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• 2009

Recently, the development of new structural model in optical mechanical system is required to be started from the conceptual design with low cost, high performance and quality. In this point, a structural-topological shape of system concerned with conceptual design of mechanical structure has a great effect on performance of the system such as the structural rigidities and weight reduction. In this paper, the optimization design methodologies are presented in the design stages of large optical structure. First, using topology optimization, we obtain the optimal layout and the reinforcement of structure, and then carry out the detail designs using size optimization and multidisciplinary optimization technique. As an example, these methods were applied to the design of large mirror structure.