• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.409-415
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• 1996

Isozyme variations in 4 enzyme systems in Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis in 31 individual trees collected throughout the country were studied by starch gel electrophoresis using haploid megagametophyte tissue to compare with those of Pinus densiflora. A minimum of 7 loci were found to code for isozymes of the enzyme systems. No variation was found at locus GOT-A; at the remaining 6 variable loci(GDH-A, GOT-B, GOT-C, IDH-A, LAP-,A, LAP-B) and 2 to 4 alleles were identified. We could not find any marker alleles to distinguish Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis from Pinus densiflora at the isozymes studied here. Allele frequency distributions at each loci were almost all the same as those of P. densiflora. The percentage of polymorphic loci(99% level), the number of alleles per locus, the observed and expected heterozygosities were 85.7, 2.3, 0.165 and 0.186%, respectively. The level of genetic diversity in Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis seemed to be less than that of P. densiflora.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.395-402
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• 2020

This study was conducted to analyze seasonal variations of de-icing salt ions harvested from soils and plants according to salt damage of Pinus densiflora f. multicaulis, a evergreen conifer, on roadsides. Pinus densiflora f. multicaulis was divided into three groups referred to SD, ND, and WD (serious salt damage (SD) = 71-100%, normal salt damage (ND) = 31-70%, and weak salt damage (WD) = 0-30%) based on the degree of visible foliage damage, and measured acidity (pH), electrical conductivity(EC), and de-icing salt ions (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺) harvested from soils and plants. The results indicated that acidity, electrical conductivity, and de-icing salt ions of soils and plants were significantly affected by seasonal variation and salt damage. In addition, a strong positive liner relationship was observed in plants between the concentration of de-icing salts and salt damage in spring, while the relationship among seasonal variation and salt damage in soil were not significant. The results from this study has important implications for the management of conifer species in relation to salinity and roadsides maintenance.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.309-314
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• 2021

This study aimed to enhance seed productivity and secure genetic resources for Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis. We analyzed the characteristics of cone and seed generated by control pollination between Pinus densiflora (PD) and Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis (PDM). The highest number of cone scales (63.0) was obtained from the self-pollinated (sp) PDM clone B (PDM-sp-B), whereas the lowest number of cone scales (44.7) was obtained from two combinations designated as PDM-A×PD-075 and PDM-A×PD-0111. Both female parents of the hybrids were PDM-A. The highest seed production capacity (80.8) was obtained from the open-pollinated (op) PDM clone B (PDM-op-B). The seed potentials of PDM-B×PD-0111, PDM-op-A, and PDM-sp-B were 67.4, 66.5, and 63.1, respectively. The highest number of fertile scales (41.5) was obtained from PDM-op-B, and the lowest number of fertile scales (28.8) was obtained from PDM-A×PD-075. The total number of aborted ovules and 1st aborted ovules was not statistically significant in the mating design. The cross combination of PDM-B×PD-0111 had the highest number (34.8) of filled seeds and the lowest number of 2nd aborted ovules (5.2) and empty seeds (9). PDM-op-B had the highest number of developed seeds (47.6), although the number of empty seeds was the highest (41.2). Therefore, we conclude that the mating design of PDM-B×PD-0111 is useful for future breeding programs to improve seed yield of PDM. Our results showed that there was a strong correlation between the following two parameter pairs: number of scales and number of fertile scales, and the number of fertility scales and seeds potential (r=0.89 and r=0.84, respectively; both p<0.01).

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.67-67
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• 2005

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.75 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 1986

This study was designed to investigate the karyotype analysis of Juniperus chinensis and its seven varieties, and P. densiflora and P. densiflora for. multicaulis. Following results were obtained. 1. Three varieties, J. chinensis v. kaizuka, J. chinensis v. aureo-variegata and J. chinensis v. procumbens are turned out as tetraploids. 2. Varieties having many long chromosomes and long mean relative length of chromosomes are J. chinensis and J. chinensis v. aureo-globosa, while varieties having short chromosomes are J. chinensis v. horizontalis and J. chinensis v. globosa. 3. Varieties with high mean ratio of long arm length to short arm are J. chinensis v. globosa and J. chinensis v. kaizuka, while a variety with the low mean ratio is J. chinensis v. aureo-globosa. 4. When chromosomes are arranged according to the total length, the most similar variety with J. chinensis was J. chinensis v. sargentii, J. chinensis v. horizontalis, J. chinensis v. globosa and J. chinensis v. aureo-globosa, while the least similar one was J. chinensis v. procumbens. 5. Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis has shorter mean relative length of chromosome than P. densiflora, while the arm ratio of the former is higher than the latter. 6. When chromosomes are arranged according to the total length, six chromosomes showed the same order between the two varieties. 7. P. densiflora for. multicaulis has many chromosomes with secondary constriction.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1 s.108
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• pp.71-80
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• 2005

In order to search for ecologically indicative characteristics on the street tree plots in Daegu area, plant communities and their floras were investigated. A total of 105 plots were collected and numerically analyzed by PCoA(Principal Coordinates Analysis). These plots were classified into 4 types containing 139 species, 97 genera, 42 families(including 37 exotic species): urban-dry type, urban-wet type, rural-dry type, rural-wet type. Habitat connectivity to the surrounding vegetation cover, extent and frequency of human impacts, and soil moisture recognizably were the main factors to allow the plots differentiation. Indicative species composition to these four types was generated as Eleusine indica-Eragrostis multicaulis-Oxalis corniculata to the urban-wet, Digitaria ciliaris-Eleusine indica-Eragrostis multicaulis to the urban-dry, Setaria viri-dis-Artemisia-Lactuca indica var. laciniata to the rural-wet, and Setaria viridis-Digitaria ciliaris-Erigeron canadensis to the rural-dry, respectively. Mean species number per plot for rural type was 2.5 times higher than for urban types. Street tree species representative to the rural-wet type is Zelkova serrata, which is a key species of potential natural vegetation in the alluvial land of Daegu area. Street tree plots were characterized by Eleusine indica showing the highest r-NCD value and also C4-assimilation grass plants. Views on the efficacy of the rural-wet type and the reinforcement of vegetation connectivity and soil moisture in rehabilitating street tree plots, are discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.331-342
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• 1990

Analysis of vegetation on the pavements and under the trees of streets in Seoul city were investigated from July to November 1989. All of the vascular herbs were 9 orders, 13 families, 30 genera, 37 species and 1 forma. Species diversity and evenness index were higher on the pavements than under the trees of streets. Eragrostis multicaulis with C-4 pathway was a dominant species, and next orders of importace values were Eleusine indica(C-4), Digitaria sanguinalis(C-4), Taraxacum officinale(C-3) and Erigeron annus(C-3). On the pavements and under the trees of streets, light intensity and surface temperature were very high, Also, these sites were affected by many kinds of human interferences. Therefore, it was an example of adaptation to specific ecological environments that C-4 plats were more dominant than C-3, growth forms of C-3 plants were rosette or prostrate, and annual or biennial plants were distributed in these studied sites. Generally, fruits types were grains, achens and capsules. Seeds were very small and some had appendages such as pappus.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 2006

Fifty-six indigenous and twenty nine exotic mulberry varieties were screened against powdery mildew, Myrothecium leaf spot, Pseudocercospora leaf spot, sooty mold and bacterial leaf spot for a period of three years under field condition. The percent disease index (PDI) was recorded during peak season of the foliar diseases. Out of eighty-five varieties studied, ten varieties were highly resistant and eight were resistant to powdery mildew; six varieties were immune and seventy-eight varieties were highly resistant to Myrothecium leaf spot; sixty varieties were highly resistant and 21 were resistant to Pseudocercospora leaf spot; forty four varieties were highly resistant to sooty mold and two varieties were immune and fifty-eight were highly resistant to bacterial leaf spot. Lowest cumulatative disease index was observed in M. multicaulis (7.28) followed by Thailand lobed (7.85) and Italian mulberry (8.06).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.171-179
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• 2011

The legally protected trees distributed in Gwangju City is 68 individuals belong to 9 taxa. Among the legally protected trees recorded in environment white paper, Quercus dentata located in Gwangsan-gu Eunnam-dong Shinga village must come to correct Quercus liena, Populus nigra var. italica of Byeokjin village of Seo-gu Byeokjin-dong change to Salix glandulosa and Pinus densiflora of Sukjung-dong, Nam-gu should be alter into Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis. IPCC make an estimate the mean temperature multiplies best $6.4^{\circ}C$ and sea level of 59 cm rises and is warning that the North-Pole glacier may have melted mostly and 95% of bio-species on earth may falls at extinction crisis on the late 21th century. If apply IPCC estimate result to evaluate climate change vulnerability through the legally protected trees of Gwangju City, it should be estimated that mean minimum temperature of the coldest month of Gwangju City in the late 21th century result in higher than $3^{\circ}C$ as mean minimum temperature, January in Cheju Island at present. Therefore, it is estimate that the legally protected trees of Cheju Island such as Pinus thunbergii, Celtis sinensis, Aphananthe aspera and a evergreen broadleaf trees will grow up well in Gwangju City area in the late 21th century. The other hand, P. densiflora for. multicaulis and zelkova serrata as the legally protected trees that appear together in Seoul and Gwangju will be estimate by something to expose show vulnerability in region of Gwangju City.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.77-91
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to define the species composition of the soil seed banks at major wetlands in Nakdong river basin and central korea and to investigate how soil seed banks relate to aboveground vegetation and soil texture. In 2005, we sampled seed banks at Baksil reservoir, Jillal marsh, Deapyeng marsh, Hwapo marsh, Upo marsh and Junam reservoir in Nakdong river basin and Osan stream and Amsa-dong in Seoul. The soil seeds were estimated with the emergence method from April to October. Total numbers of species at the seed banks were 33 at Baksil, 18 at Daepyeong, 35 at Jillal, 56 at Upo, 32 at Hwapo, 47 at Osan stream, 54 at Amsa waterside, 31 at Amsa meadow. The species diversity in the soil seed banks of Upo marsh was the highest as 0.95. The community overlap index that compares aboveground with underground vegetation is high in the Upo marsh (0.34), Jilla marsh (0.36), and Osan stream (0.27). Soil texture affected distribution of 8 species, Lindernia procumbens, L. attenuata, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Juncus effusus, Persicaria thunbergii, Eragrostis multicaulis, Cyperus nipponicus, Scirpus fluviatilis. Considering the social and cultural values, soils at Amsa meadow, Hwapo marsh and Osan stream have worth to use for wetland restoration.