• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2022

Continuous development is the key of development issue in developing nations. Smart city measurement is prevalently carried through in the cities in which the nations have been classified as industrialized countries. In addition, cities in Europe becomes the models of smart city system. Smart city concept used in the cities in Europe applies six predominant features i.e. smart economic, smart mobility, smart environment, smart people, smart living, and smart governance. This paper focuses on figuring out city' development strategy in developing nations particularly Indonesia in regard with European Framework by way of Multi Expert Multi Criterion Decision Making (ME-MCDM). Recommendation is resulted from the tests using the data collected from one of the metropolis cities in Indonesia, whereby issuing recommendation must firstly implement smart education, secondly communication, thirdly smart government, and fourthly smart health, as well as simultaneously implement smart energy and smart mobility.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2004

The automobile suspension system is composed of parts that affect performances of a vehicle such as ride quality, handling characteristics, straight performance and steering effort, etc. Moreover, by using the finite element analysis the cost for the initial design step can be decreased. In the design of a suspension system, usually system vibration and structural rigidity must be considered simultaneously to satisfy dynamic and static requirements simultaneously. In this paper, we consider the weight reduction and the increase of the first eigen-frequency of a suspension part, the upper control arm, especially using topology optimization and size optimization. Firstly, we obtain the initial design to maximize the first eigen-frequency using topology optimization. Then, we apply the multi-objective parameter optimization method to satisfy both the weight reduction and the increase of the first eigen-frequency. The design variables are varying during the optimization process for the multi-objective. Therefore, we can obtain the deterministic values of the design variables not only to satisfy the terms of variation limits but also to optimize the two design objectives at the same time. Finally, we have executed reliability based optimal design on the upper control arm using the Monte-Carlo method with importance sampling method for the optimal design result with 98％ reliability.

• 한국조사연구학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국조사연구학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.255-274
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• 2002

We classify rotation sampling designs into two classes. The first class replaces sample units within the same rotation group while the second class replaces sample units between different rotation groups. The first class is specified by the three-way balanced design which is a multi-level version of previous balanced designs. We introduce an extended generalized composite estimator (EGCE) and derive its variance and mean squared error for each of the two classes of design, cooperating two types of correlations and three types of biases. Unbiased estimators are derived for difference between interview time biases, between recall time biases, and between rotation group biases. Using the variance and mean squared error, since any rotation design belongs to one of the two classes and the EGCE is a most general estimator for rotation design, we evaluate the efficiency of EGCE to simple weighted estimator and the effects of levels, design gaps, and rotation patterns on variance and mean squared error.

• 정보처리학회논문지A
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• 제10A권2호
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• pp.157-164
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• 2003

최근 볼륨 그래픽스가 의료 영상의 해석 도구로서 주목을 받아 오고 있다. 볼륨 그래픽스에서는 가시화를 위하여 복셀로 정의된 물체가 필요하다. 이 때문에 기하학적인 방법으로 정의한 다각형 및 곡면을 복셀 기반의 물체로 변환시키는데 이를 복셀화(voxelization)라고 한다. 기하학적인 물체를 복셀화하면 기하학적 물체 데이터를 샘플링 데이터와 함께 단일화된 방법으로 볼륨 렌더링할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 큐브의 단면을 이용한 복셀화의 한 기법을 제안한다. 그리고 개인용 컴퓨터 환경에서 이 기법을 구현한 후에 단순한 기하학적인 데이터를 이용해서 평가하여 논리적인 타당성을 조사한다. 이 기법은 변환된 복셀로부터 정확한 법선 벡터를 계산할 수 있고 복셀간에 구멍(hole)이 발생하지 않고 다해상도(multi-resolution) 표현이 가능한 특성을 가지고 있다.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2006년도 International Symposium on GPS/GNSS Vol.2
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• pp.211-215
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• 2006

In this paper, design and applications of a generalized, versatile and customizable IF signal generator that can model the modernized GPS and Galileo signal is given. It generates IF sampled data that can be directly used by a software receiver. Entire constellation of satellites which is independent of satellite-user geometry is easily determined using a real or simulated ephemeris data. Since the IF center frequency, sampling frequency and quantization bit number are user location dependent parameters, their effects are also considered in IF signal generator. The generalized IF signal generator will be very well suited for the development phase of a software receiver due to its versatility. The full access to the sampling frequency, front-end filter definition and ADC parameters also offers a great opportunity for cost-effective analysis of tracking loops and error mitigation techniques at the receiver level. Interference sources can be easily added to the generator to simulate specific environments. This software IF signal generator can also be used to feed a multi-frequency multi-system software receiver for the prototyping of a combined GPS/Galileo receiver. The test result using the generated signals and a real software receiver shows the effectiveness of the implemented IF signal generator.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1047-1061
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• 2015

층화표본추출(stratified sampling)은 모집단을 구성하는 층에 대한 정보를 표본설계에 반영함으로써 추정량의 분산을 낮추기 위한 표본추출 방법으로, 표본배분 방안의 선택이 층화표본의 효과를 결정하는데 매우 중요한 요소이다. 전통적인 표본배분 방법으로는 비례배분법(proportional allocation)과 네이만배분법(Neyman alloction)이 주로 사용되는데, 이는 층별 추정량의 분산에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 표본 배분에 반영함으로써 전체 추정량의 분산을 최적화하기 위한 것이다. 이론적으로는 층크기(size of strata)만을 반영하는 비례배분법보다 층별 표준편차(standard deviation)를 함께 고려하는 네이만배분법이 추정량의 분산을 낮추는데 더 효과적임이 알려져 있다. 그러나 층별 표준편차에 대한 사전 정보가 모집단을 잘 반영하지 못하면 네이만배분법의 효과를 기대할 수 없으며, 특히 복수의 관심변수를 조사하는 다목적조사(multi-purpose survey)에서는 각 관심변수들의 층별 표준편차가 서로 다른 양상을 나타내기 때문에 네이만배분법이 적합하지 않다는 주장이 제기되기도 한다. 한편 표본조사에서는 조사단계에서 발생하는 무응답으로 인한 추정량의 편향을 제거하기 위해 응답률 보정 방법이 사용되는데, 이 또한 추정량의 분산에 영향을 미치는 주요한 요인 중에 하나이다. 그러나 전통적인 표본배분 방법은 응답률(response rate)을 감안하지 않기 때문에 층별 응답율에 차이가 크게 나타날 경우 층화표본에 의한 효과가 저하될 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 층화표본추출에서 층간 응답률의 차이가 추정량의 분산에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고, 층별 응답률 정보를 표본설계에 반영하는 새로운 표본배분 방법을 제안하였다. 모의실험을 통해 확인한 결과 네이만배분법은 당초 표본배분 시에 적용한 층별 표준편차의 구조가 각 층의 응답률 보정과정에서 증가하는 분산을 반영하지 못하기 때문에 층간 응답률의 편차가 커질수록 효율이 저하되는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 층 크기와 층별 응답률을 함께 반영한 배분방법은 비례배분법에 비해 효율이 개선되며, 층간 응답률의 편차가 클수록 그 효과는 커진다. 특히 층별 응답률의 변동계수(coefficient of variance)가 층별 표준편차의 변동계수를 상회하는 경우는 네이만배분법 보다도 효율적인 추정량을 제공함을 확인하였다. 아울러 응답률을 반영한 배분방법은 기존 배분방법에 비해 각 층별 추정량을 보다 안정적으로 추정할 수 있기 때문에 층별 추정을 목적으로 하는 층화표본조사에서는 여타 추정방법보다 더 효과적이다. 층별 응답률에 대한 정보는 관심변수가 다르더라도 추출틀이 유사한 기존 조사의 결과를 활용할 수 있다는 점에서 표준편차에 비해 비교적 정보 수집이 용이한 장점이 있고, 다목적조사에서도 관심변수의 척도(scale)나 개수와 관계없이 적용 가능하기 때문에 활용도가 높을 것으로 생각된다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.68-82
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• 2011

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) provide high-speed backbone networks without any wired cable. Many researchers have tried to increase network throughput by using multi-channel and multi-radio interfaces. A multi-radio multi-channel WMN requires channel assignment algorithm to decide the number of channels needed for each link. Since the channel assignment affects routing and interference directly, it is a critical component for enhancing network performance. However, the optimal channel assignment is known as a NP complete problem. For high performance, most of previous works assign channels in a centralized manner but they are limited in being applied for dynamic network environments. In this paper, we propose a simple flow estimation algorithm and a hybrid channel assignment algorithm. Our flow estimation algorithm obtains aggregated flow rate information between routers by packet sampling, thereby achieving high scalability. Our hybrid channel assignment algorithm initially assigns channels in a centralized manner first, and runs in a distributed manner to adjust channel assignment when notable traffic changes are detected. This approach provides high scalability and high performance compared with existing algorithms, and they are confirmed through extensive performance evaluations.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.188-194
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• 2012

Cognitive networks (CNs) are capable of enabling dynamic spectrum allocation, and thus constitute a promising technology for future wireless communication. Whereas, the implementation of CN will lead to the requirement of an increased energy-arrival rate, which is a significant parameter in energy harvesting design of a cognitive user (CU) device. A well-designed spectrum-sensing scheme will lower the energy-arrival rate that is required and enable CNs to self-sustain, which will also help alleviate global warming. In this paper, spectrum sensing in a multi-user cognitive ad hoc network with a wide-band spectrum is considered. Based on the prospective spectrum sensing, we classify CN operation into two modes: Distributed and centralized. In a distributed network, each CU conducts spectrum sensing for its own data transmission, while in a centralized network, there is only one cognitive cluster header which performs spectrum sensing and broadcasts its sensing results to other CUs. Thus, a wide-band spectrum that is divided into multiple sub-channels can be sensed simultaneously in a distributed manner or sequentially in a centralized manner. We consider the energy consumption for spectrum sensing only of an analog-to-digital convertor (ADC). By formulating energy consumption for spectrum sensing in terms of the sub-channel sampling rate and whole-band sensing time, the sampling rate and whole-band sensing time that are optimal for minimizing the total energy consumption within sensing reliability constraints are obtained. A power dissipation model of an ADC, which plays an important role in formulating the energy efficiency problem, is presented. Using AD9051 as an ADC example, our numerical results show that the optimal sensing parameters will achieve a reduction in the energy-arrival rate of up to 97.7% and 50% in a distributed and a centralized network, respectively, when comparing the optimal and worst-case energy consumption for given system settings.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.315-333
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• 2021

Due to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) modernization, recently launched GNSS satellites transmit signals at various frequency bands such as L1, L2 and L5. Considering the Korean Positioning System (KPS) signal and other GNSS augmentation signals in the future, there is a high probability of applying more complex communication techniques to the new GNSS signals. For the reason, GNSS receivers based on flexible Software Defined Radio (SDR) concept needs to be developed to evaluate various experimental communication techniques by accessing each signal processing module in detail. This paper proposes a novel SDR-based A-GNSS receiver capable of processing multi-GNSS/RNSS signals at multi-frequency bands. Due to the modular structure, the proposed receiver has high flexibility and expandability. For real-time implementation, A-GNSS server software is designed to provide immediate delivery of satellite ephemeris data on demand. Due to the sampling bandwidth limitation of RF front-ends, multiple SDRs are considered to process the multi-GNSS/RNSS multi-frequency signals simultaneously. To avoid the overflow problem of sampled RF data, an efficient memory buffer management strategy was considered. To collect and process the multi-GNSS/RNSS multi-frequency signals in real-time, the proposed SDR A-GNSS receiver utilizes multiple threads implemented on a CPU and multiple NVIDIA CUDA GPGPUs for parallel processing. To evaluate the performance of the proposed SDR A-GNSS receiver, several experiments were performed with field collected data. By the experiments, it was shown that A-GNSS requirements can be satisfied sufficiently utilizing only milliseconds samples. The continuous signal tracking performance was also confirmed with the hundreds of milliseconds data for multi-GNSS/RNSS multi-frequency signals and with the ten-seconds data for multi-GNSS/RNSS single-frequency signals.

• 한국통계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국통계학회 2002년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.19-24
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• 2002

The two-way balanced one-level rotation design has been discussed (Park, Kim and Choi, 2001), where the two-way balancing is done on interview time in monthly sample and rotation group. We extend it to three-way balanced multi-level design under the most general rotation system. The three-way balancing is accomplished on interview time not only in monthly sample and rotation group but also in recall time. We present the necessary condition and rotation algorithm which guarantee the three-way balancing. We propose multi-level composite estimators (MCE) from this design and derive their variances and mean squared errors (MSE), assuming the correlation from the measurements of the same sample unit and three types of biases in monthly sample.