• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.169-175
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• 2023

Multi-injection scheme is being applied to GDI combustion to reduce PM and PN emission to meet the EU7 regulation. However, very short injection duration encounters the ballistic injection region, which injection quantity does not increase linearly with injection duration when applying multi-injection. In this study, numerical studies were conducted to reveal the cause of ballistic injection and the effect of design parameters on ballistic region using 1-D simulation, AMESim. Injection rate and injection quantity were compared with experiment to validate the established model, which showed the accuracy with 10% error. The model revealed that the tendency of ballistic region coincides with the needle motion behavior, which means that parameters at the upper part of needle such as electro-magnetic force, needle spring force and needle friction force have dominant effect on ballistic injection. To figure out the effect of electro-magnetic and needle friction force on ballistic, those parameters were varied to plus and minus 10% with model. The result showed that those parameters clearly changed the ballistic region characteristics, however, the impact became insignificant for outside of ballistic region, which means that the ballistic injection is mainly influenced by initial motion of injector needle.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 1999

지구 주변에는 플라즈마로 가득 차 있고 그것을 매질로 하는 다양한 플라즈마 파동이 존재한다. 우주공간 플라즈마는 여러 종류의 이온과 전자로 구성되어 있고 특히 이온들은 파동의 전파에 많은 영향을 미친다. 다중 이온 플라즈마에서 파동분산 방정식의 해를 구하는 것은 상당히 복잡하다. 따라서, 임의의 자기장, 밀도를 고려하여 우주공간에서 다중 이온 플라즈마에서 파동의 분산관계를 쉽게 알 수 있는 계산모델을 개발하였다. 이 모델로부터 IGRF(International Geomagnetic Reference Field)에서 임의 지점을 지나는 자력선과 관측된 밀도 함수로부터 각 위도별로 가능한 파동들의 성질을 조사하여 위성의 초기 관측 자료 분석에 응용하였다. 예를 들어 POLAR 위성의 관측값 중에서 자기 적도 근처에서 발생되어 자력선을 따라 전파하는 특정한 범위의 주파수 경우 파동의 편극 상태가 변한 위치, 전파경로 등을 본 모델을 이용하여 예측할 수 있었다.

• 대한임베디드공학회논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.295-311
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• 2019

The smart product market is growing year by year and is being used in many areas. There are various ways of interacting with smart products and users by inputting voice recognition, touch and finger movements. It is most important to detect an accurate hand region as a whole step to recognize hand movement. In this paper, we propose a method to detect accurate hand region in real time in various environments. A conventional method of detecting a hand region includes a method using depth information of a multi-sensor camera, a method of detecting a hand through machine learning, and a method of detecting a hand region using a color model. Among these methods, a method using a multi-sensor camera or a method using a machine learning requires a large amount of calculation and a high-performance PC is essential. Many computations are not suitable for embedded systems, and high-end PCs increase or decrease the price of smart products. The algorithm proposed in this paper detects the hand region using the color model, corrects the problems of the existing hand detection algorithm, and detects the accurate hand region based on various experimental environments.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2000

A multi-region model for solute transport through saturated soils has been developed to describe preferential flow. The model consists of numerous discrete pore groups, which are characterized by a discrete dispersion coefficient, flow velocity, and porosity . The hydraulic properties for each pore group are derived from a soil's hydraluic conductivity and soil water characteristic functions . Flow in pore group is described by the classical advection-disersion equation (ADE). An implict finite difference scheme was applied to the governing equation that results in a block-tridiagonal system of equations that is very efficient and allows the soil to be divided into any number of pore groups. The numerical technique is derived from methods used to solve coupled equations in fluid dynamics problems and can also be applied to the transport of interacting solutes. The results of the model are compared to the experimental data from published papers. This paper contributes on the characteristics of the method when applied to the parallel porosity model to describe preferential flow of solutes in soil.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.309-313
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• 2000

A structural-acoustic coupling problem involving fluid in a cavity divided with flexible walls and porous materials is investigated in this paper. In many practical problems, the use of finite elements to discretize the fluid region leads to large stiffness and mass matrices. But, since the acoustic boundary element discretization requires to put elements only on the surface of structure, the size of matrices is reduced considerably. Here, we developed a numerical analysis program for the structural-acoustic coupling problems of the multi-region cavity, using boundary elements for the fluid regions and finite elements for the structure. By considering sound transmission through layered systems placed in a cavity, the accuracy of the coupled acoustical-structural finite element model has been verified by comparing its transmission loss predictions with analytical sloutions. Example problems are included to investigate the characteristics of the multi-region structural-acoustic coupling system with porous material.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2017

We present a region-based approach for accurate pose estimation of small mechanical components. Our algorithm consists of two key phases: Multi-view object co-segmentation and pose estimation. In the first phase, we explain an automatic method to extract binary masks of a target object captured from multiple viewpoints. For initialization, we assume the target object is bounded by the convex volume of interest defined by a few user inputs. The co-segmented target object shares the same geometric representation in space, and has distinctive color models from those of the backgrounds. In the second phase, we retrieve a 3D model instance with correct upright orientation, and estimate a relative pose of the object observed from images. Our energy function, combining region and boundary terms for the proposed measures, maximizes the overlapping regions and boundaries between the multi-view co-segmentations and projected masks of the reference model. Based on high-quality co-segmentations consistent across all different viewpoints, our final results are accurate model indices and pose parameters of the extracted object. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method using various examples.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.3-12
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• 2000

다영역 모델은 Preferential 흐름에 대한 해석을 위하여 토양을 여러개의 공극군으로 나누고 각 토양의 수리학적 특성을 이용하여 토양내의 흐름을 표현한 방정식이다. 이 모델을 유한차분법을 이용하여 수치적으로 풀이할 때 해의 정확도와 일관성을 분석하기위해 수정등가편미분방정식(MEPDE)을 구하고, 안정성을 분석하기위해 Von Neumann법을 이용한다. 수정등가편미분방정식을 이용하여 얻은 유한차분계에 대한 평가는 모델방정식에 대하여 일관성이 있는 것으로 나타났고 모델방정식에 대한 유한차분법은 2차의 정확도를 얻었다. 모델방정식의 안정성 해석은 Von Neumann방법을 이용하여 진폭도와 위상지연을 구하고 이를 분석하였다. 유한차분계의 진폭비는 Peclet수의 변화에 관계없이 비분산적이었으며 Peclet수가 1.0일때 가장 큰 값을 나타냈고, 위상지연은 참값에 대한 빈도요소보다 더 느리게 파동함을 나타냈다. 모델방정식의 안정성 해석 결과, 모델의 영역분해는 보다 정확한 결과를 얻기 위해서 Peclet수는 1.0보다 작고 Courant수는 3.0보다 작은 범위 안에서 분해하는 것이 좋은 것으로 분석된다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.673-688
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• 1999

본 연구는 multiloop edgewise arch wire(MEAW)의 기계적 특성을 분석하기 위해, 1) 개별 브라켓간 부위에서의 MEAW의 하중변형률을 수종의 재질로 된 동일 규격의 교정용 호선과 비교하고, 2)개별 브라켓간 부위와 multi-L-loop 부위(측절치 브라켓의 원심연과 제2대구치 튜브의 근심연간의 거리)에서의 wire stiffness를 비교하며, 3)단일 L-loop와 multi-L-loop의 하중변형률에 대한 공학적 이론식을 유도하여 MEAW의 하중변형특성을 규명하고자 시행하였다. 5가지의 서로 다른 수평길이를 지닌 L-loop와 5개의 L-loop로 구성된 상하악의 multi-L-loop를 .$016\times.022$ inch의 stainless steel 강선으로 제작하였고, .$016\times.022$ inch의 Plain stainless steel, TML NiTi를 준비하였다. Instron model 4466 만능시험기에 50N 용량의 load cell을 부착하여 crosshead의 속도 1.0min/분, 브라켓간 부위의 시험시에는 최대변위량 1.0mm로 각 브라켓간격에서 측정하였고, multi-L-loop부위의 경우는 최대변위량 10mm, 42mm의 거리에서 측정하였다. 반복된 실험에 의해 발생할 수 있는 응력에 따른 물리적 성질 변화의 가능성을 배제하기 위해 각 조건마다 동일한 5개의 시편을 사용하였다. 측정된 하중변형률과 각 실험의 브라켓간격을 이용하여 각 브라켓부위에서의 L-loop의 wire stiffness number를 계산하였고 이를 multi-L-loop의 그것과 비교하였다. 5개의 loop로 구성된 multi-L-loop를 35개의 직선구간으로 나누어 각 구간의 에너지를 계산, 총합을 낸 후 가해진 외력으로 미분하여 하중변형률의 이론식을 유도하였으며, 이를 wire stiffness로 환산하여 단일 L-loop의 wire stiffness와 비교하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1) 각 브라켓 간격에서의 L-loop의 하중변형률은 평균적으로 stainless steel wire의 1/5.16, NiTi의 1/l.53, TMA의 1/2.47이었다. 2) multi-L-loop부위 에서의 MEAW의 wire stiffness는 개개 브라켓간 간격에서보다 평균 1.53배 더 높았고, 같은 부위에서의 NiTi보다 1.9배 더 높았다. 3) 유도된 하중변형률의 이론식에 따르면, 부위에 따라서 wire stiffness의 차이를 보이지 않는 직선 강선과는 달리, L-loop가 부여된 경우, 개별 L-loop의 ire stiffness는 전체 multi-L-loop의 wire stiffness보다 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과로 미루어 볼 때, MEAW는 개별적인 치아이동을 허용하면서, 가해진 교정력을 효과적으로 전체 치열로 전달할 수 있는 독특한 기계적 특성을 지니고 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.373-380
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• 2009

The evaporation process of multi-component fuel is different from one of a single component, because the properties of each component affects among the components. In actual engine, the spatial distribution of fuel vapor concentration dominates auto-ignition and initial combustion, and depends on the volatility and diffusivity of each component fuel contained in the multi-component fuel. Then, this study proposes a simplified numerical scheme for analysis of evaporation process of multi-component fuel sprays. Evaporation process is calculated by KIVA-II code based on the simple two-phases region that is approximated by modified saturated liquid-vapor line, which was obtained by connecting the 50% distillation temperature for each component under several pressure fields. Consequently, it can be quantitatively simulated that vapor of low boiling fuel component mostly exists around nozzle and spray tip region, the high boiling duel component, on the other hand, mostly appears near the spray tip.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.337-362
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• 2015

This paper presents a feasibility study on structural damage alarming and localization of long-span cable-supported bridges using multi-novelty indices formulated by monitoring-derived modal parameters. The proposed method which requires neither structural model nor damage model is applicable to structures of arbitrary complexity. With the intention to enhance the tolerance to measurement noise/uncertainty and the sensitivity to structural damage, an improved novelty index is formulated in terms of auto-associative neural networks (ANNs) where the output vector is designated to differ from the input vector while the training of the ANNs needs only the measured modal properties of the intact structure under in-service conditions. After validating the enhanced capability of the improved novelty index for structural damage alarming over the commonly configured novelty index, the performance of the improved novelty index for damage occurrence detection of large-scale bridges is examined through numerical simulation studies of the suspension Tsing Ma Bridge (TMB) and the cable-stayed Ting Kau Bridge (TKB) incurred with different types of structural damage. Then the improved novelty index is extended to formulate multi-novelty indices in terms of the measured modal frequencies and incomplete modeshape components for damage region identification. The capability of the formulated multi-novelty indices for damage region identification is also examined through numerical simulations of the TMB and TKB.