• Survey Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.63-85
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• 2010

This study defines the substance and multi-dimension of emotional reactions which Koreans have toward foreigners to find the starting point of change in values which is an inevitable task in this multi-cultural society. The results indicate that the Bogardus scale which has been used to measure the social distance toward the minority race is found to have limitations in explaining the closed attitude of Koreans toward 'nation' and 'kinship through marriage'. To supplement such limitations, exploration on attitudes toward foreigners from different native places is performed based on the 'evaluation', 'power' and 'activity' dimensions of the Affective Control Theory. As a result, Americans are highly evaluated in all three dimensions while Japanese are evaluated low in the 'evaluation' dimension and high in the 'power' and 'activity' dimensions. North Korean defectors and ethnic Koreans from China (the Chosun race) are high in evaluation but low in other dimensions. West Asians are evaluated low in all three dimensions. By comprehending the influencing factors and the relative influence of social distance, it proves that the 'evaluation' dimension is the common denominator in all groups while 'power' dimension toward Japanese and 'activity' dimensions toward Chinese and West Asians influence social distance. All foreigners excluding Americans receive closer social distance when having higher education level. Moreover, American women and older North Korean defectors receive closer social distance.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.393-398
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• 2022

Megacities of the Repulic of Korea(ROK) will have increased by urbanization and the fourth industrial revolution. Mgacities are absolutely the opportunity factor to make human life enriched. Simultaneously, those are the challenge foctor considering the crucial conventional threat such as massive artillery and multiple rocket launcher from the North Korea. Israel that has faced the geopolitical situation of ROK developed the Multi-layer air defense system to offset the low altitude threat from the neighboring nations. As a result, Israel substantially removed plenty of Hamas' rockes and suicidal drones in 2021. Applying Israel's concept, North Korea's low altitude threat toward the ROK's megacities can effectively be eliminated. Furthermore, this Multi-layer air defense system can be a game-changer that gets rid of the low and high altitude threat from North Korea and neighboring nations with both hyperconnected sensor-C2-shooter and artificial intelligence. Through this approach, the ROK will be able to achieve the prosperity and prowth of nation at the center of Megacities concentrated on PMESII(Politics, Military, Economy, Society, Information, and Infrastructure) factors.

• 한국게임학회지
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.70-72
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• 2009

This research is focused on defining interaction within the context of digital media and creating a multi cultural definition of interactivity. The concept of multi digital culture and a definition of interaction in digital media have often been overlooked by other researchers and this has caused the emergence of many different notions on this issue. As a result of these varied notions of the concept, public confusion has arisen regarding interactivity. The main purpose of this research is to find a suitable multi definition of interaction through examining local digital culture. In order to analogise multi digital culture, the video game culture is employed as a metaphor to interpret local digital culture. The reason for this is that a specific national culture can be easily identified within the video game culture. Four countries, South Korea, Japan, the U.S. and the UK have been chosen for comparison purposes. Case study, questionnaire and publicly accessible video game related data, such as, video game charts, are used for formalising and analysing unique local digital culture. The Heyri POP UP IMAGE Festival, S. Korea, was also used as a pilot study, with some of the above research methods being employed to analyse South Korean digital culture. In relation to western cases, interview and questionnaire were primarily used. The data from the case countries was carefully compared and analysed and then it became the basis of a theory of multi definition of interaction in digital media. The case study employed the cultural metaphor for this research and in addition video game culture related questionnaires and interviews with experts of interactive art genre, regarding new notions of digital interaction were utilised. The survey was conducted simultaneously in the four different cultural case nations of this research. Twenty respondents from each case nation participated in the survey, in order to investigate firstly, the existence of 'local digital culture' and secondly, the trends and phenomena of 'digital culture' in these four different 'local digital cultural areas'. In terms of interviews with experts of the interactive art genre, these were focused on obtaining their understanding of contemporary digital culture in their research. Using gathered data from the observation of local digital culture, the basic theory of interaction and the terminology of interaction are reformed. Localised definitions of interaction on digital media, control based interaction and communication based interaction are presented, in order to identify a 'locality' in terms of various contemporary digital cultures. As a result of analysing digital culture, new definitions of 'multi definition of digital interaction' were formulated. As mentioned above, 'control' and 'communication' based interaction were initiated, based on 'user to media' relationships. Based on the degree of physical interaction, 'liminal' and 'transitive' interactions were initiated. Less physical digital interaction is named 'liminal' interaction and more physical digital interaction is named' transitive' interaction. These new definitions of interaction were applied to the real world examples of uses of digital interaction, such as, digital interactive installation artworks and video games. The newly defined meaning of digital interaction can be applied to analysing digital interactive installation artworks and possibly indicate their future development and the prospects of future electronic games. Three leading digital interactive artists were selected for this analysis and their works were studied in terms of the implementation of 'multi definition of digital interaction'. Throughout these processes, the meaning of 'communication' in digital interactive media was emphasised. Many of the selected artists' digital installations were focused on 'communication' or 'interaction between each user through digital media', rather than the concept of 'control' in digital interaction, otherwise termed, 'communication with digital media'. In their artworks, interaction between each audience was digitally engaged within the physical interactive environment which was created by the digital media. Both the audience's action and all the reaction throughout the interaction between the audiences, triggered the digital media' s reaction. This audience-audience-media interaction is the key to understanding the concept of 'communication' in physical digital media and it is the main interactive concept upon which the selected digital interactive installation artists for this research and many other artists from similar fields, are concentrating their efforts. In the case of the video game, a similar trend was noticed to that of digital interactive installations. Based on this research's 'multi definition of digital interaction', the video game has evolved from the early stage of being conventional game, which was focused on control based interaction, to the on-line game which was focused on communication based interaction, to physical interactive games, such as, Nintendo Wii, which are focused on more physical interaction and finally, the ubiquitous interactive game, which is mainly concentrated on the concept of 'communication' in physical digital interaction. It is possible that this evolution of the video game concept of interaction is comparable to the progress of digital interactive artworks. This view is based on the fact that both genres show evidence that they are developing in the direction of the concept of 'communication', in terms of physical digital interaction. The important emphasis of this research's results is 'locality' and 'communication' in physical digital interaction. The existence of different digital culture trends, which were assessed by the 'multi definition of digital interaction', can explain the concept of 'locality' in digital interaction. This meaning of 'locality' may assist in understanding contemporary digital culture and can reduce possible misunderstanding as regards 'local' digital culture. In the application of the concept of digital interaction to the field of either artworks or video games, it is possible to form the opinion that an innovative concept of physical digital interaction is 'communication' within this context. This concept and its applications can improve the potential of both digital interactive culture and technology.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.36
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• pp.227-253
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• 2013

The threat of crime became a global issue nowadays. Terrorism, organized crime, crime by nation can be mentioned as typical examples. The crimes in modern society can't be identified to happen when, where and how being different from those traditional crimes(murder, robbery, sexual abuse, arson). This was the result of changed security environment that needs to address wide range of crimes as being indicated sporadic characteristics of modern threat of crime such as terrorism threat targeting unidentified masses as well as the emergence of systemic phenomenon of organized crimes and crime committed by nation. In this regard, the case of 9.11 occurred in 2001 can be deemed as an example that made a dramatic turn around to the security environment. After the terrorism, it provided an opportunity to rethink not only USA but also to the institutions all over the world that deals with crime about gathering, management, utilization of crime intelligence. As a result of which there appeared a change in police activities more effectively in gathering & managing crime information and ILP is the very activity that emerged from the USA/UK countries. This aims police activities to minimize the threat of crime being the system reflecting a framework to manage more directly to control crime by gathering and processing information. In view of the global change of security environment as a common phenomenon, the need to direct to ILP has increased in Korea in line with such security environmental change. Accordingly, this study focused on the method of introduction of ILP and presentation of matters for discussion by reviewing ILP activities of the USA/UK countries.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 2021

The Korean curriculum and admission system have evolved through numerous changes. Currently, the nation's college entrance rate stands at nearly 70 percent, and it is the highest among OECD members. Amid this environment, the importance of school life records is increasing among students who are interested in going to college and who have the highest percentage in the nation's education system. Happiness is not the order of grades, but I can find my future and happiness at the same time through active school life. Through the analysis system of school life records, you can find interests and career paths suitable for yourself, and analyze and supplement factors suitable for the university and department you want to go to, so that you can take a step further in successful advancement. Each item in the school records is divided into three categories to analyze the necessary and unnecessary words. By visualizing and numericalizing the analyzed data, an analysis system is established that can be supplemented in school life. An analysis system through data mining can be utilized by concisely summarizing sentences of different elements and extracting words by applying the multi-topic minutes summary system using word frequency and similarity analysis as an existing prior study.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.321-350
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to find methods for utilizing digital room in public library and its efficient operation by analyzing the status quo of the digital rooms in public libraries, which had been built nation-widely about 5 years ago. It is found that it is urgent to supplement and improve the infrastructure of them. It is also required to build multi-functional digital rooms and an integrated operational system for digital rooms. Implementation of an integrated operational system, first of all, for applicable sections of digital room may be the best alternative. The multi-functional digital rooms can be built, which, in addition to its traditional function, can include a variety of original information resources and function of information creation using application programs, as well as functions such as education, information services, online/offline community creation, and activating information sharing. In the future, the digital rooms in public libraries must play a significant role as online/offline spaces, which are not the places for use and access to internet information resource, but for information/knowledge sharing and collaborative activities. It also must provide a communication channel between librarians and users as well as among users themselves.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.57
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• pp.27-55
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• 2018

The problem is that even though the cost of apartment buildings and general expenses are the same and similar tasks, there is a significant gap between them in quantity and quality. The apartment security guard needs more professional management in education and various reporting obligations. In particular, the reality of being away from the management and supervision of the National Police Agency, which is in charge of crime prevention and policing resources throughout the nation, is a task that needs to be improved quickly. Although the "security service" is a specialized area for protecting the lives and property of the people, it is managed and operated only in the category of apartment management, just because it is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. This should be integrated into one cost-related law, such as the "Cost Business Act," for management and operation. Although the regulations concerning security guards under the "Joint Housing Management Act" are very limited, they should start discussing the integrated management of apartment security guards and general security guards in view of improvement of their treatment. The most realistic method would be to hire a new general security officer with a security law as a security guard in an apartment building.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.56-71
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the construction background of multi-functional vacant grounds in the rear gardens of Kyeongbok Palace and Kyeongun Palace, by understanding the building history of multi-functional vacant ground during the Joseon Dynasty with a special reference to the places formed in the period of King Kojong. The multi-functional vacant grounds in the Palace were the important element from the political aspect of Joseon Dynasty, and became an infrastructure of a state - run organization. The vacant space between Kwangyeonlu(廣延樓) and Haeonjeong, the whole region of Yeolmujeong(閱武亭), Seochongdae(瑞蔥臺), and Chundangdae(春塘臺) were investigated as the multi-functional places, where the events were held for the royal family in the Changdeok Palace after the establishment of the Joseon Dynasty. Various events such as the archery competition, official examination and military training were held at the places. After the inauguration of King Kojong, Kyeongmudae(京武臺) was made in the process of the reconstruction of the Kyeongbok Palace. The Kyeonghee Palace was used as the off-palace rear garden after the year that King Kojong returned to the Kyeongun Palace. The characteristics of two spaces were to apply the space organization of the Changdeok Palace into the rear garden outside of Sinmumun(神武門), Kyeongmudae at Kyeongbok Palace and the pedestrian overpass was established to connect the spaces efficiently in Kyeonghee Palace. Especially, the multi-functional vacant ground in the rear garden during the period of King Kojong functioned as the place to show off the internal and external independence of a nation and to show the authority and dignity of King at the point of time that accelerated the plundering Joseon Dynasty by Japanese imperialism powers, beyond the meaning of national event space that had existed before, such as official examination or archery test. In addition, the fact that the multi-functional vacant ground used as training place for military exercise where many people were mobilized was considered to reflect the contemporary situation.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.30
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• pp.119-127
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• 2017

Multi-cultural societies in the era of globalization are now common phenomena all over the world. Since our country has already entered into a multi-cultural society, we can no longer stay in the ideology of a single nation. However, current national policies and researches related to multi-cultural society in Korea are limited to institutional aspects and unilateral education of Korean culture. Therefore, this study aims to overcome these practical limitations. The purpose of this study is to acquire design resources in the folk paintings reflecting the culture of each country. And We will develop textile design content that can be applied to most closely related textile products in daily life. Through this, it is aimed to raise awareness of various cultures and to suggest a communication method through cultural exchange. Therefore, this study has developed color and textile pattern design contents through analysis of characteristics of China, Vietnam, and Japan peoples of the three most frequent countries based on the status of domestic marriage immigrants. And tried to apply it immediately to various textile products. The results and contents of the study are as follows. First, the domestic multi-cultural society was formed through international marriage, and the largest number of marriage immigrants came from China, Vietnam, Japan, the Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand, Mongolia and others. Second, folk paintings are suitable for developing textile design contents as an important factor implied by different cultures of different countries. Thirdly, we have developed the pattern and coloring DB and textile pattern design contents by using folk paintings of China, Vietnam and Japan. As a result, we could verify the utilization of contents reflecting the cultural characteristics of each country and the possibility of commercialization. Based on the results of this research, we hope to contribute to the harmonization of the emotional and artistic aspects that naturally share the culture among multi-cultural society members and to develop differentiated related products.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.33
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• pp.155-206
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• 2012

Interests in archives management are getting expanded from the public sector into the cultural and artistic field for the ten years after legislation of "Act on the Management of Public Archives" in 1999. However, due to lack of recognition on the importance of archives in the cultural and artistic field, it is rather frequent that information is kept scattered or archives are lost. As an example, absence of precise contract documents or notes of bestowal keeps people from locating great amount of cultural properties, and because of it these creative properties are in the risk of thefts, the closed-door auctioning, or trades in unofficial channels. As how a nation manages cultural and artistic creation inside the nation reflects its cultural level, it can be said that one of the indexes to notice the extent of a nation's cultural level is to take a look at how they are circulated. This study started from this point. Growing economy and rising interests in culture and art made the society more cognizant of the importance and value that visual artworks have, but the archives and information which are showing the context of these artworks and are produced in the course of social interaction are relatively disregarded because too much emphasis lies on the work itself. It is harder to find archives or documentations in Korea than in other advanced countries about the artists themselves or philosophical discourse on the background of the artworks. There is not so much interest to preserve the archives and information produced after the exhibition also, and they are used for no more than promotion or reference. Hereupon, the researcher recognized the importance of visual arts archives and believed that systemic management on them are high in need. And metadata is an essential way for the systemic management, as recently management on artworks or their archives are conducted using the system of the agencies even though they are not produced electronically. The objective of this study is to manage visual arts archives systematically by designing a data model reflecting traits of visual arts archives. Metadata are needed in the every course of archives from acquisition to management, preservation and application. Visual arts archives find its rich value only when a systemic relationship is established among information on artist, artwork and events including exhibition. By establishing a Multiple Entity Data Model, in which artworks, artists and events (exhibitions) make relationship all together, metadata for management on visual arts archive gets more efficiency and at the same time explanatory trait of the archive gets higher. For this reason we, in the study, tried to design a data model by setting each as an independent entities and designating relations between them, in order to find a way to manage visual arts archives more systematically.