• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

Recently, the concern about safety and functional substances of foods are increased therefore antioxidant substances and plants which had pharmacological effect have been studied actively. It has been known that the mulberry leaf is effective in curing many diseases. Nowaday, the pharmachological effects of mulberry leaves on diabetes mellitus and their usage for many aspects were confirmed. Mulberry leaves are known for effective in prevention of diabetes mellitus, because of specific amino acids and fibers. In this study, methanol, hexane, chlorform, ethyl acetate, and butanol extracts obtained from mulberry leaves were added to soybean oil and they were stored for 30 days at $60{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ and peroxide value(POV) and conjugated diene value(CDV) were measured periodically. Results of this study were obtained as follows; 1. The POV of soybean oil after the addition of each mulberry leaves powder(MLP) extracts generally enhanced as the storage time was prolonged, so the POV of all samples was reached higher than 100meq./kg.oil after 10 days storage without the addition of butanol, methanol, ethylacetate, hexane extracts at 0.1% level. Especially, the POV of soybean oils including butanol extract was 87.35meq/kg.oil after 10 days storage and antioxidant activity of butanol extract was shown to be superior to that of BHT. The pattern of the changes of the CDV of soybean oil after the addition of MLP extracts at 0.02%, 0.05% and 0.1%, respectively, were almost constant during 10 days of storage and then rapidly increased during the rest of experimental periods. During 10 days of storage in case of 0.1% adding level, the antioxidant activities of the butanol extract was superior to that of the each MLP extracts.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 1962

These works were carried on to study the damage due to agricultural chemicals on silkworm and to find out the best ways to use them, considering, in the horticultural field, the utilization of them has rapidly been increased. The results may be summarized as follows: 1) The mulberry leaves being more than 100m from the horticultural field used the agricultural chemicals did not harm the silkworm. 2) Even if the mulberry leaves were located less than loom from the horticultural field sprayed with the chemicals, the silkworms were not injured after washing the mulberry leaves which were attached with the chemicals. 3) The chemicals, E.P.N., B. H. C. 2%, and Selesan were more seriously injured to silkworm than the other ones.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.252-255
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the influence of dietary mulberry leaf on the intestinal microflora in rats. Rats were fed each experimental diets containing 1%, 10% of mulberry leaf powder for 4 weeks. Total viable counts and the numbers of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, E. coli and Staphylococcus were determined by nonselective media and various selective media. A decrease in the intestinal population of Clostridium was shown in dietary mulberry leaf group. The E. coli and Staphylococcus populations decreased in dietary mulberry leaf group compared with control group. Methanol extract and fractions of mulberry leaf were subjected to an in vitro screening test for their growth-inhibitory activity. Methanol extract and Water fraction of Mulberry leaves showed weak growth-inhibition of Clostridium perfringens. These results indicate that the composition of gastrointestinal microflora was improved by treatment of mulberry leaves in SD rats and was very effective for growth inhibition of the intestinal harmful bacteria in intestine. Therefore, the mulberry leaves as a newly bio-material can be a useful material for physiologically functional food.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2003

Quantification of functional components, such as ［l -deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and flavonoids］ of four different cultivars (YK-209, Cheongil, Yongchon and Kaeryang) and parts (upper, middle and lower) of mulberry leaves harvested in different areas and periods was performed by HPLC to select the best Quality of mulberry leaf suitable for manufacture of functional foods. Among four mulberry cultivars, YK-209 mulberry leaf had the highest DNJ, GABA and flavonoids levels. YK-209 mulberry leaf harvested in "Yeongcheon" area had greater DNJ, GABA and flavonoid contents than those harvested in "Sangju" area. Four major flavonoids of mulberry leaf were rutin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-3-Ο-rutinoside, astragalin, and their levels varied greatly with cultivars. YK-BO9 mulberry leaf had the highest flavonoids content among four cultivars. DNJ, GABA and flavonoid contents of young YK-209 mulberry leaf were relatively higher in the upper part than those in the middle and lower parts. Additionally, levels of DNJ, GABA and flavonoids were higher in mulberry leaves harvested in the eariler growing season (May) than in the late growing seasons (June and August) . Particularly, among four flavonoids, rutin content had the highest in the mulberry leaf harvested in May, while isoquercitrin content did the highest in the mulberry leaf harvested in June and August. These results suggest that YK-209 mulberry leaf having high amount of functional components, such as DNJ, GABA and flavonoids, may be useful as potential source of beverages and tablets.verages and tablets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.516-520
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate whether the obesity of obese fa/fa male Zucker rats can be ameliorated by mulberry leaves. There was no significant difference between mulberry treatment group and control group in body weight gain and food efficiency ratio. It also showed decreases on plasma triglyceride and total-cholesterol concentration compared to the control group. But there was no change in plasma leptin concentration between the control and mulberry treatment groups. These results suggest that mulberry leaves reduce serum lipid levels, but do not effect the plasma leptin concentration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1309-1314
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• 2003

Growth performance, nutrient digestibility and changes in caecal fermentation pattern was studied on four groups of 8 grower rabbits (soviet chinchilla) each, fed on diets containing 17 to 18% CP and $10.4-11.00MJ\;DE\;kg^{-1}$ feed. The complete diets contained mulberry leaves along with other feed ingredients at 0 (LH), 15 (ML15), 30 (ML30) and 45% (ML45) levels. In LH diet ground lucerne hay was added at 15% of the diet as roughage source. The diets were uniform in other nutritional parameters except the higher amount of hemicellulose (18.7 and 16.5%) in LH and ML15 diets. The performance of grower rabbits was better (p<0.05) on LH and ML15 diets in terms of twelve weeks weight (kg), total gain (g), average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (%). Different levels of mulberry leaves in the diet did not influence the dry matter intake. Digestibility of nutrients for DM, OM, CP, NDF and energy was uniform in all the diets but the digestibility of CF, ADF and cellulose was higher (p<0.01) on ML15, ML30 and ML 45 diets. The hemicellulose digestibility was significantly higher (p<0.01) on LH (44.52%) and ML15 (48.00%) compared to ML30 (33.54%) and ML 45 (39.17%) diets. The nitrogen retention (% of intake) was higher (p<0.05) in LH and ML15 diets than ML30 and ML45 diets. The caecum weight as percent of intestine weight consistently increased (p<0.05) with increasing content of mulberry leaves in diets. Total nitrogen and $NH_3$-N was higher on LH and ML15 diets. It is concluded that incorporation of mulberry leaves can replace Lucerne hay in complete rabbit feed (15% in diet). Even at higher level i.e. 30 and 45% of the diet mulberry leaves based complete feed gave promising results.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.251-254
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• 2006

In the current research for natural product with antimicrobial effects, various extracts of Mulberry Leaves against microorganisms were evaluated in terms of the minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC). In general, Candida albicans was more antimicrobial activity than the other microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The maximum activity was exhibited by ethanol extract of the leaves of Mulberry Leaves against Candida albicans (MIC, $1600{\mu}g/ml$). These results suggest that ethanol and water extracts of Mulberry Leaves have a potential antimicrobial activity.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2005

The antioxidant capacity of yield-type mulberry leaves and fruits (Morus alba L., M. bombycis Koidz, and M. Lhou (Ser). Koidz) collected from In-je, Won-ju and Yang-yang regions, Kang-won province, Korea, was investigated with minium L-100 device and ARAW-KIT (anti-radical ability of water-soluble substance), in comparison to the ascorbic acid. The results indicated that total antioxidant capacity of yield-type mulberry leaves was 2711.2 nmol (ascorbic acid equivalents). The highest stage of antioxidant capacity (3587.6 nmol) was opening stage of five leaves in spring. Especially, antioxidant capacity of mulberry leave collected from In-je region was high than that of other regions. No. 7 mulberry leave showed the strongest antioxidant capacity (6184.9 nmol) at opening stage of five leaves in spring. Also, fluit growing condition including fruit size and yield was good, too. Therefore, No. 7 mulberry three from In-je region, possessed not only high antioxidant capacity but also considerable fruit quality, was selected as potent resource for mulberry breeding and functional material development.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.334-343
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• 2007

The water extracts and 80% ethanol extracts from mulberry leaves of 108 kinds were tested their antimicrobial activities against Helicobacter pylori and antioxidant effects. The ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiaznoline-6-sulfornic acid)] radical decolorization, electron donating ability (EDA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and antioxidant protection factor (PF) were determined for water extracts and 80% ethanol extracts from mulberry leaves. In the electron donating activity, the 13 kinds of water extracts showed high inhibition (>80%), whereas the 59 kinds of 80% ethanol extracts showed high inhibition. The inhibitory activities of water extracts from all kinds of mulberry leaves were higher than 90% in ABTS [2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiaznoline-6-sulfornic acid)] radical decolorization. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and antioxidant protection factor (PF) of the 80% ethanol extracts were higher than that of water extracts. Antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori showed high value in 80% ethanol extracts of 15 kinds mulberry leaves. The results implied that the mulberry leaves can be useful for natural antimicrobial medicine.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.41-50
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• 2020

Vermicompost, manure, compost and organic fertilization are ecofriendly. Nowadays, many products resulted from sericulture consumed by humans such as mulberry leaves, fruits, mulberry tea, silk and natural silk cosmetics. Soil applications of three treatments with vermicompost (0.5, 1 and 2 tons per 0.42 hectare) and recommended rate of mineral fertilizers of nitrogen phosphorus potassium were used for investigation. Impact of fertilization on mulberry plant traits of moisture, number of shoots/tree, total shoots length/tree, number of leaves/shoot, number of leaves/ (100g), leaf yield/tree and leaf yield of fadden/season were recorded. In addition the effect of fertilization on larval and cocoon characters of young instar duration, fifth instar duration, total larval duration, larval mortality percentage, weight of third instar larvae, weight of fourth instar larvae, weight of fifth instar larvae, fresh cocoon weight, fresh shell weight, pupae weight, cocoon shell ratio, silk productivity, cocooning percentage, pupation ratio, number of cocoons/ liter, crop cocoons by number, crop cocoons by weight, fecundity and fertility. Using vermicompost treatment was enhancing plant characters. Treatments of V₃, V₂ and V₁ were shortage young, fifth and larvae durations. Mostly feeding silkworm during the whole larval duration on treated mulberry leaves with vermicompost improving the traits average. Using vermicompost for fertilization by rate of V₃ and V₂ is better than others for cocoon characters for females and males.V₃ and V₂ of vermicompost per 0.42 hectare is recommended for rearing mulberry silkworm instead of mineral fertilization.