• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.11.1-11.26
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• 2022

When epithelial cells are exposed to potentially threatening external stimuli such as allergens, bacteria, viruses, and helminths, they instantly produce "alarmin" cytokines, namely, IL-33, IL-25, and TSLP. These alarmins alert the immune system about these threats, thereby mobilizing host immune defense mechanisms. Specifically, the alarmins strongly stimulate type-2 immune cells, including eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, type-2 helper T cells, and type-2 innate lymphoid cells. Given that the alarm-raising role of IL-33, IL-25, and TSLP was first detected in allergic and infectious diseases, most studies on alarmins focus on their role in these diseases. However, recent studies suggest that alarmins also have a broad range of effector functions in other pathological conditions, including psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and cancer. Therefore, this review provides an update on the epithelium-derived cytokines in both allergic and non-allergic diseases. We also review the progress of clinical trials on biological agents that target the alarmins and discuss the therapeutic potential of these agents in non-allergic diseases.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.243-250
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• 2008

비만세포는 세포질 내에 다양한 신호전달물질을 과립형태로 함유하고 있는 세포로써, 피부, 기도, 소화관 등의 점막과 결합조직에 주로 분포하고 있으며, 염증반응, 자기방어, 조직재생, 자가면역질환 등 다양한 생리적, 병리적 현상에 관여하고 있는 면역세포이다. 본 연구는 생쥐 연령별 자궁의 발달과 퇴행에 따른 자궁조직 내 비만세포의 분포와 밀도변화를 조사함으로써, 생쥐 자궁에서 비만세포의 기능을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 자궁조직 내 비만세포는 발정주기가 시작되는 생후 6주 이전에는 매우 적은 수가 관찰되었으나, 생후 7주부터 자궁의 조직형태적 발달과 더불어 급격히 증가하기 시작하여 32주에 이르기까지 지속적으로 증가하였다. 그러나 생후 38주부터는 자궁조직의 퇴행과 더불어 비만세포의 밀도도 감소하였다. 비만세포는 자궁의 근층조직에서 주로 관찰되었으며, 주요 세포외기질인 교원섬유도 자궁의 발달, 비만 세포의 밀도 증가와 더불어 그 함량이 증가하였다가 자궁의 퇴행과 함께 감소하였다. 전자현미경적 관찰에서 비만세포는 자궁 근층조직에서 평활근세포, 섬유모세포, 교원섬유와 근접하고 있는 형태로 관찰되었다. 이상의 연구 결과는 비만세포가 자궁에서의 면역기능에 중요한 역할을 할 뿐만 아니라, 분만, 생리주기에 따른 자궁조직의 재생 및 재구성, 그리고 평활 근조직의 수축 등에도 관여할 수 있음을 시사하고 있다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1348-1354
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• 2008

mi transcription factor (MITF)는 비만세포의 분화를 조절하는 중요한 전사인자이다. 특히 MITF는 결합조직형 비만세포에서 일반적으로 발현하는 비만세포 특이적 세린 단백분해효소의 일종인 mMCP-6 유전자의 전사를 조절한다. 본 연구는 마우스 골수유래 배양비만세포에서 mMCP-6 유전자의 전사를 조절하는 MITF이형체를 규명하였다. MITF 이형체들의 발현은 RT-PCR로 확인하였다. IL-3존재 하에서 배양한 점막형 비만세포들은 MITF-A,-E, -H, -Mc 등이 발현하였다. 반면에 SCF존재 하에서 배양한 결합조직형 비만세포들은 MITF-A가 발현하였다. MITF이형체를 과발현시키면 NIH-3T3 세포에서 mMCP-6 promoter를 통한 luciferase 활성을 증가시키고, MC/9 비만세포주에서는 증가된 mMCP-6발현을 유도하였다. 더불어 비만세포에서의 mMCP-6 발현은 MITF-A 고갈로 인하여 유의적으로 억제되었다. MITF-A의 전사활성과 DNA결합은 MITF-E, -H, -Mc 등의 타 이형체들의 결과와 유사하였다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과들은 MITF-A가 마우스 결합조직형 비만세포에서 발현하여 mMCP-6 전사를 조절하는 중요한 이형체임을 제시한다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.209-236
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• 2000

The last two decades witnessed significant advances in the efforts of immune-parasitologists to elucidate the nature and role of the host mucosal defence mechanisms against intestinal nematode parasites. Aided by recent advances in basic immunology and biotechnology with the concomitant development of well defined laboratory models of infection, immunoparasitologists have more precisely analyzed and defined the different immune effector mechanisms during the infection; resulting in great improvement in our current knowledge and understanding of protective immunity against gastrointestinal (GI) nematode parasites. Much of this current understanding comes from experimental studies in laboratory rodents, which have been used as models of livestock and human GI nematode infections. These rodent studies, which have concentrated on Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Strongyloides ratti/5. venezuelensis. Trichinella spiralis and trichuris muris infections in mice and rats, have helped in defining the types of T cell responses that regulate effector mechanisms and the effector mechanisms responsible for worm expulsion. In addition, these studies bear indications that traditionally accepted mechanisms of resistance such as eosinophilia and IgE responses may not play as important roles in protection as were previously conceived. In this review, we shall, from these rodent studies, attempt an overview of the mucosal and other effector responses against intestinal nematode parasites beginning with the indices of immune protection as a model of the protective immune responses that may occur in animals and man.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.177-193
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• 2003

Objective : The present studies investigated the effects of 120Hz high frequency electroacupunctue(EA) on the stress-induced stomach dysfunction in relation to its effect on the level of stress hormone and gastric mucosal damages. The gastric mucosal injury was induced by cold-restraint stress and two acupoints corresponding to Zusanli and Sanyinjiao in man were used. Methods: Cold-restraint stress produced typical gastric lesions in all rats of the stressed groups, but he number of ulcers as well as the mean ulcer diameter were reduced by 120 Hz EA pre-treatment. The cold-restraint stress also induced an increase in catecholamine response involving epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine, but an slight decline were observed in EA pre-treated rats compared with cold-restrained rats. Results: The degranulation value of gastric mast cell was significantly higher in cold-restrained rats than in control ones. However, with the significant reduction of degranulation values of gastric mast cells in EA pre-treated rats compared with cold-restrained ones, $PGE_2$ content in the gastric mucosa of EA pre-treated rats was also different from that observed in cold-restrained rats. Cold-restraint stress induced an elevated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory gene such as cyclooxygenases-2 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-${\alpha}$, but these expression were down-regulated in EA pre-treated rats. Immunohistochemecal analysis showed that while the inhibitory-${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ an TNF-${\alpha}$ immunoreaction in the surface epithelium of the stomach tended to increase, both reactions in the EA pre-treated rats showed similar pattern as observed in controls. Conclusions : These results suggest that 120 Hz EA may act as a therapeutical means for gastric mucosal damages through a activation of pituitary adrenal system. it could be concluded that 120 hz high frequency electroacupuncture affords a good protective potential against stress-induce gastrointestinal dysfunction.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.129-134
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• 1993

장 점막 비만세포(mucosal mast cells)는 여러 장 질환을 비롯하여 기생충 감염증 등에서 증가함이 잘 알려져 있으나, 우리 나라에 흔한 인체 장흡충류인 요꼬가와흠충 감염에 있어서는 연구가 없었다. 이 연구는 흰쥐의 실험적 요꼬가와흡충증을 모델로 하여 감염 후 충체가 자연 치유되는 약 4주 동안 충체 회수율의 변화 및 장 점막 비만세포 수의 변화를 경시적으로 관찰한 것이다. Sprague-Dawley계 흰쥐 1마리당 요꼬가와흡충 피낭유충 2,500개씩을 총 20마리에 감염시켰고(비감염 흰쥐 6마리를 대조군으로 둠), 감염 1, 2, 3, 4주 후에 각각 5마리씩 회생시켜 대조군과 비교하였다. 장 점막 비만세포는 흰쥐의 십이지장, 공장 상부, 중부 및 하부로부터 조직을 채취하여 Carnoy액에 고정한 후 절편을 만들고 alclan blue(pH 0.3)/safranfne-0 염색을 하여 관찰하였다. 연구 결과, 충체 회수율은 감염 1주 및 2주에 평균 16.B% 및 13.8%, 3주 및 4주에 각각 4.1% 및 4.2%로 나타나, 감염 2주까지 비슷한 수준을 유지하다가 3-4주에 급격히 감소하는 양상을 보여 주었다. 비만세포의 수는 감염 1주부터 대조군에 비해 유의한 증가를 보였고, 3주에 가장 높은 수치를 보이다가 4주째에 약간 감소하였다. 십이지장, 공장 상 부, 중부 및 하부의 부위에 따른 비만세포 수의 차이는 얼었다. 충체 회수율과 비만세포 수의 변화 양상을 비교해 볼 때, 비만세포가 충체 회수율이 급격히 감소하는 시기에 맞추어 가장 높은 수치를 보이므로 충체 배출과 관계되는 어떤 중요한 역할을 하고 있을 것으로 추측되었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.245-250
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• 1997

마우스에 있어서 쥐와포자충 감염에 대한 면역기전을 해명하기 위하여 이 원충을 최초 및 도전 감염시켜 위점막 비만세포수의 동태를 관찰하였다. ICR계 SPF3주령 마우스에. 그리고 감염 내과 후 분변 내의 오오시스트 음전 후에 두 번에 걸쳐 각각 $2{\;}{\times}{\;}10^6$의 쥐와포자충 (MCR주) 오오시스트를 경구투여하였다 최초 감염 후 5일 및 도전 감염 후 10일 간격으로 희생시켜 위를 적출하여 pH 2.0으로 조정된 Camoy's solution에 5-6시간 고정한 다음 pH 0.3으로 조정된 l% alcian blue에서 2시간. pH 1.0의 0.5% sihnin에서 5분간 염색하여 위점막 비만세포수를 계수하였다. 위점막 비만세포수는 최초 감염 후 15일에서 25일까지 최고치에 이른 다음 30일에 감소하여 그 이후에는 정상으로 복귀하였으며. 도전 감염 후 20-30일에도 역시 증가하였다 최초 감염 후 이 세포의 증가 후에는 분변에 배설되는 오오시스트의 수도 감소하였으며. 도전 감염 후에는 분변에서 오오시스트를 거의 검출할 수 없었다 이러한 사실로 미루어 보아 이 세포는 최초 감염 흡충체 배출. 그리고 도전 감염의 방어기전과 관련이 있다고 생각한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.416-421
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• 2007

Many previous studies have proved that human allergic disease resulted from the formation of antibodies belonging to a unique immunoglobulin isotype termed immunoglobulin E (IgE). Most of IgE-producing plasma cells are found in the lymphoid tissue associated with the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. IgE may be found free in the mucosal secretions of these tissues, bound to local mast cells, or distributed by the systemic circulation to mast cells and basophils throughout the body. Total serum IgE concentrations tend to be higher in allergic adults and children compared with non-allergic individuals, but the value of total serum IgE as a screening test for allergic disease is limited. Total serum IgE levels are related to the probability of an individual having detectable allergen-specific IgE. Allergen-specific IgE concentrations vary with a person's age, the degree and duration of the recent allergen or cross-reactive allergen exposure. The value of quantitative assays for allergen-specific IgE has been suggested in recent studies. Serum IgE increases in many non-allergic diseases, including infectious and parasitic diseases. The IgE changes appear to be specific to the infectious agents, whereas non-specific in other diseases. The increased serum IgE in some of these conditions probably results from alterations in immune function. This review summarizes the clinical significance of total and allergen-specific IgE examinations in allergic diseases.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.94-108
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• 2003

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the anti-ulcer effects of Pyeongwibunsoeum extract and Misoprostol on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions of mice. Methods : Experimental groups were classified into non-treated group, non-administered group, Misoprostol-administered group and Pyeongwibunsoeum-extract-administered group. This study examined the morphological change, distribution of mast cells and apoptic cells, PNA reaction, COX-1, BrdU, NF-B p50, COX-2, IL-2R-, and ICAM-1of gastric mucosa. Results : 1. The hemorrhagic erosion of gastric mucosa was reduced in the Misoprostol-administered and Pyeongwibunsoeum-extract-administered groups. 2. The Misoprostol-administered group and Pyeongwibunsoeum-extract-administered group showed positive reaction on the PNA distribution. 3. The distribution of apoptic cells, activity of NF-B p50, COX-2, IL-2R-, and ICAM-1 decreased in both the Misoprostol-administered group and Pyeongwibunsoeum-extract-administered group. 4. The Misoprostol-administered and Pyeongwibunsoeum-extract-administered groups showed increase on COX-1, BrdU. Conclusions : As the results indicate, hemorrhagic erosion of gastric mucosa were reduced in both the Misoprostol-administeredand Pyeongwibunsoeum-extract-administered groups, and severe inflammatory reaction of gastric mucosa was reduced. The effects on the Pyeongwibunsoeum-extract-administered group were superior to those on the Misoprostol-administered group. Pyeongwibunsoeum extract can be widely administered for gastric ulcer disease in clinical treatments.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.101-115
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• 2004

Objective : The present studies investigated the effects of 120 Hz high frequency electroacupuncture (EA) on the stress-induced stomach dysfunction in relation to its effect on the level of stress hormones and gastric mucosal damages. The gastric mucosal injury was induced by cold-restraint stress and two acupoints corresponding to Zusanli and Sanyinjiao in man were used. Methods : Cold-restraint stress produced typical gastric lesions in all rats of the stressed groups, but the number of ulcers as well as the mean ulcer diameter were reduced by 120 Hz EA pre-treatment. Results : The degranulation value of gastric mast cell was significantly higher in cold-restrained rats than in control ones. However, with the significant reduction of degranulation values of gastric mast cells in EA pre-treated rats compared with cold-restrained rats. Cold-restarint stress induced an elevated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory gene such as cyclooxygenases-2 and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, but these expression were down-regulated in EA pre-treated rats. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that while the $inhibitory-{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ immunorection in the surface epithelium of the stomach tended to increase, both reactions in the EA pre-treated rats showed similar pattern as observed in controls. Conclusion : These results suggest that 120 Hz EA may act as a therapeutical means for gastric mucosal damages through an activation of pituitary adrenal system. It could be concluded that 120 Hz high frequency electroaucupuncture affords a good protective potential against stress-induced gastrointestinal dysfunction.