• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.490-498
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of Korean kimchi in Singapore. A questionnaire was given to male 236(43.0%) and female 313(57.0%) college students residing in Singapore. The results are as follows: 86.9% of the participants answered that kimchi is Korean in origin, and 48.7% had eaten kimchi. Also 75.2% of the males and 65.2% of the females had purchased commercial kimchi at restaurants(p<0.05). Regarding the primary reason they purchased commercial kimchi, 62.1% responded 'its taste'(male 58.1%, female 65.0%), also 47.6% stated the package size was 50g(male 44.8%, female 49.7%). Among the kimchi they had experienced, 86.7% had eaten Baechu kimchi, 31.0% Mu kimchi and 30.9% Oi kimchi(males : 82.2% Baechu kimchi, 30.9% Oi kimchi, and 27.4% Mu kimchi, females: 90.0% Baechu kimchi, 33.6% Mu kimchi, and 26.2% Oi kimchi respectively). For their kimchi preference, 67.0% preferred Baechu kimchi, 9.4% Oi kimchi, and 7.1% Mu kimchi(males: 63.4% Baechu kimchi, 12.9% Oi kimchi and 5.4% Mu kimchi, females: 69.5% Baechu kimchi, 8.4% Oi kimchi and 6.9% Mu kimchi, respectively). After having eaten kimchi, 19.3% answer it tasted good, and the primary reason for liking kimchi, 'spicy and hot taste'(51.3%), The main reasons for not liking kimchi were the odor(garlic, ginger, anchovy juice, etc) and too spicy, respectively. Regarding improvements for its expanded consumption 32.0% answered 'not to improve', 18.0% answered 'don't make it too hot', 17.6% answered 'don't make it too salty', and 9.4% answered 'don't make it over-ripe'. For the overall perception of kimchi, the answer with the highest mean(3.95) was 'kimchi is a good side dish with cooked rice', which was significantly different than 'kimchi is delicious'(M=3.14, p<0.05).

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.681-689
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was conducted to investigate the perception of Korean kimchi among Americans' living in different areas in the United States. A questionnaire was given to males 126 (40.4%) and females 186 (59.6%) residing in Illinois and California. The results were as follows: 86.0% of the participants answered that kimchi was Korean in origin, and 84.1% reported that they had eaten kimchi. Additionally, 56.8% and 52.3% of the respondents in Illinois and California had purchased commercial kimchi at home-made. Among the kimchi they had experienced, out of the total respondents, 92.4% had eaten baechu kimchi, 45.5% had eaten mu kimchi and 42.4% had eaten oi kimchi (When the responses from the residents of Illinois were evaluated: 100.0% of the respondents had eaten baechu kimchi, while 47.7% had eaten mu kimchi, and 40.9% had eaten bak kimchi. Evaluation of the responses of residents from California revealed that: 88.6% had eaten baechu kimchi, 45.5% had eaten oi kimchi, and 44.3% had eaten mu kimchi respectively). For evaluation of the their kimchi preference of the overall population revealed that, 71.0% preferred baechu kimchi, 9.2% oi kimchi, and 8.4% mu kimchi (Of the respondents in Illinois: 69.8% preferred baechu kimchi, 14.0% mu kimchi and 7.0% bak kimchi, while for Californians: 71.6% preferred baechu kimchi, 11.4% oi kimchi and 8.0% bak kimchi, respectively). Regarding the primary reason they purchased commercial kimchi, 64.9% responded 'its taste' (67.4% in Illinois and 63.6% in California), additionally, 40.0% stated of the package they purchased was 200g (51.2% in Illinois and 34.5% in California). After having eaten kimchi, 45.5% answer reported that it tasted good, and the their primary reason for liking kimchi was its, 'spicy and hot taste' (51.3%), The main reasons for not liking kimchi were the odor (garlic, ginger, anchovy juice, etc) and it being too spicy, respectively. Regarding improvements for its expanded consumption, 25.0% answered 'not to improve', 22.7% answered 'reduce the strength of the strong seasoning', and 20.5% answered 'to allow over-ripening'.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2003

열수로 한시간 추출한 녹용, 생녹용, 유산으로 추출한 녹용을 2% 가해서 배추김치를 담그고 11$^{\circ}C$에서 15일간 발효시키면서 발효 기간중의 여러 변화를 분석하였다. 15일 발효 후, pH는 열수추출 녹용김치 3.87, 생녹용 김치 4.04, 유산처리 녹용김치 3.97, 대조김치 3.86을 나타냈고, 산도는 열수추출 녹용김치는 7.4, 생녹용김치는 10.5, 유산처리 녹용김치는 10.7, 대조구는 6.9를 나타냈다. 총당은 15일 후 열수추출 녹용김치 1.46%, 생녹용김치 0.53%, 유산처리 녹용김치 0.92%, 대조김치 1.46%를 나타냈고, 환원당은 열수추출 녹용김치 0.05%, 생녹용김치는 0.14%, 유산처리 녹용김치 및 대조김치는 0.39%를 나타냈다. 아미노산은 열수추출 녹용김치 13.42$\mu$㏖/$m\ell$, 생녹용김치 17.83$\mu$㏖/$m\ell$, 유산처리 녹용김치 14.48$\mu$㏖/$m\ell$,대조김치 17.60$\mu$㏖/$m\ell$를 나타냈고, 단백질은 열수추출 녹용김치 2.101%, 생녹용김치 1.945%, 유산처리 녹용김치 1.722%, 대조김치 2.011%를 나타냈다. 유산은 생녹용김치 2.021%, 유산처리 녹용김치 2.004%, 열수추출 녹용김치 1.950%, 대조김치 1.200%이었다. 숙신산은 열수추출 녹용김치 0.081%, 생녹용김치 0.086%, 유산처리 녹용김치 0.078%, 대조김치 0.111%를 나타냈다. 아세트산은 열수추출 녹용김치 0.080%, 생녹용김치 0.092%, 유산처리 녹용김치 0.114%, 대조김치 0.086%를 나타냈다. 균체수는 열수추출 녹용김치는 1.09$\times$$10^{8}$/g, 대조김치는 1.08$\times$$10^{8}$/g, 유산처리 녹용김치는 9.88$\times$$10^{8}$/g, 생녹용김치는 6.6$\times$$10^{8}$/g을 나타냈다. 녹용김치를 관능검사로 짠맛, 신맛, 향기, 색, 조직감을 평가시킨 결과 열수추출 녹용김치가 가장 좋은 결과를 나타냈고 이어서 생녹용김치, 대조김치, 유산처리 녹용김치의 순을 나타냈다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.302-310
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• 2008

In this study, potato kimchi was prepared by applying heat to raw potatoes, and then the physico-chemical properties and anti-cancer effects of the kimchi were analyzed. The texture results indicated the potato kimchi had very good hardness and springiness attributes. During th late storage period, total vitamin C content of the kimchi slowly increased. In addition, the potato kimchi had non-volatile organic acid changes that promoted early aging; however, after the complete aging period, it was comparatively similar to other types of kimchi. Using the methanol extracts of various kimchi samples, the potato kimchi(solid 100%) showed the highest anti-carcinogenic effects in terms of anti-tumor activity in tumor bearing Balb/c mice with sarcoma-180 cells. In addition, the effects of the methanol extracts on hepatic glutathione S-transferase content were $289.76\;{\mu}mol/mg$ protein/min, $250.97\;{\mu}mol/mg$ protein/min, $251.20\;{\mu}mol/mg$ protein/min, $219.53\;{\mu}mol/mg$ protein/min, $183.79\;{\mu}mol/mg$ protein/min, for control kimchi, mul kimchi, and two potato kimchis [(solid 100%) and(solid 60%+kimchi juice 40%)], respectively. The in vivo anti-cancer effects of the potato kimchi were investigated using AGS human gastric adenocarcionoma cells and HT-29 human colon adenocarcionoma cells. Overall, an MTT assay revealed that the methanol extract of the potato kimchi showed the highest anti-carcinogenic effects.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2003

열수로 한시간 추출한 녹각, 생녹각, 유산으로 추출한 녹각을 2% 가해서 배추김치를 담그고 $11^{\circ}C$에서 15일간 발효시키면서 발효 기간중의 여러 변화를 분석하였다. 15일 발효 후, 열수추출 녹각김치의 pH는 3.82, 생녹각 김치는 4.07, 유산처리 녹각김치는 3.98, 대조김치는 3.86을 나타냈고, 산도는 열수추출 녹각김치 7.2, 생녹각김치 10.1, 유산처리 녹각김치 8.6, 대조김치 6.9를 나타냈다. 총당은 열수추출 녹각김치 1.20%, 생녹각김치 0.46%, 유산처리 녹각김치 1.15%, 대조김치 1.46%를 나타냈고, 환원당은 열수추출 녹각김치 0.47%, 생녹각김치 0.09%, 유산처리 녹각김치 0.58%, 대조김치 0.39%를 나타냈다. 아미노산은 열수추출 녹각김치 16.35$\mu$mol/m1, 생녹각김치 20.83$\mu$mol/m1, 유산처리 녹각김치 15.06$\mu$mol/m1, 대조김치 17.60$\mu$mol/m1를 나타냈고, 단백질은 열수추출 녹각김치 1.830%, 생녹각김치 2.011%, 유산처리 녹각김치 2.101%, 대조김치 2.011%를 나타냈다. 유기산 중 유산은 생녹각김치 2.036%, 열수추출 녹각김치 0.954%, 유산처리 녹각김치 1.485%, 대조김치 1.200%를 나타냈다. 숙신산은 유산처리 녹각김치가 가장 많아서 0.153%, 아세트산도 유산처리 녹각김치가 가장 많아서 0.188%이었다. 아세트산 함량이 가장 적은 것은 열수추출 녹각김치로 0.059%이었다. (Table 1) 균체수는 0.96$\times$$10^{8}$ g ~ 3.05$\times$$10^{8}$ g 분포를 나타냈으며, 생녹각김치, 유산처리 녹각김치, 대조김치, 열수추출 녹각김치의 순으로 많았다. 녹각 김치를 사람들에게 맛보게 하여 짠맛, 신맛, 향기, 색, 조직감을 평가시킨 결과 열수추출 녹각김치와 생녹각김치가 가장 높은 값을 나타냈고 이어서 대조김치와 유산처리 녹각김치의 순을 나타냈다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.255-259
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• 1999

The anticarcinogenic effects of the methanol extracts from leek (buchu in Korean) kimchi and Korean cabbage kimchi were evaluated using cytotoxicity and transformation tests in C3H/10T1/2 cells. Various fractions of the 6-day fermented leek kimchi at 15$^{\circ}C$, hexane, methanol soluble, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fraction, were also studied in the same system. The inhibitory effect of the leek kimchi(6-day fermented at 15$^{\circ}C$, pH 4.29) was higher than that of the Korean cabbage kimchi(4-day fermented at 15$^{\circ}C$, pH 4.21) on the cytotoxicity induced by 3-methylcholanthrane (MCA) in the C3H/10T1/2 cell system. While the MCA-treated culture(control) formed 21.0 foci of type II plus III in C3H/10T1/2 cells, 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of the methanol extract of the leek kimchi and that of the 4-day fermented Korean cabbage kimchi treated cultures reduced the formation of type II plus III foci to 7.4 and 11.3, respectively. Among the fractions of the leek kimchi, the dichloromethane fraction showed the highest inhibitory effect on MCA-induced cytotoxicity in C3H/10T1/2 cells. Fifty $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of dichloromethane fraction from the leek kimchi suppressed the MCA-induced cytotoxicity by 77%. On the transformation test using MCA, the dichloromethane fraction considerably reduced the formation of type II plus III foci, especially thpe III foci. When 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of dichloromethane fraction from the leek kimchi was treated, the numbers of type III foci mediated by MCA were decreased to 1.7 compared to 10 for the control. These results indicate that leek kimchi has stronger anticarcinogenic effects than Korean cabbage kimchi and that the dichloromethane fraction of the leek kimchi may contain the major compound(s) that suppress the carcinogenesis in the eukaryotic cells.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.162-173
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the folate contents and quality characteristics of commercial and fermented Kimchi and compare the correlation between folic acid and quality characteristics. Methods: The contents of total folate and quality characteristics were evaluated in 10 kinds of industrial and local Kimchi and nine kinds of other commonly consumed Kimchi. Changes in folate content and quality characteristics of Kimchi during 14 days of fermentation at $15^{\circ}C$ were compared. Results: Chungnam (L4) Kimchi had the lowest pH of 4.62, and acidity (0.57%) and salinity (3.26%) were highest compared to other areas. The content of total folate of D company (A) was the highest at $73.66{\mu}g/100g$. The content of total folate was significantly higher than those of Sesame leaf Kimchi (O9) and Young leafy radish Kimchi (O5) containing 65.77 and $62.82{\mu}g/100g$, respectively. The pH of fermented Kimchi decreased from 6.09 to 4.11 (p<0.05), and the acidity significantly increased (p<0.001) to 0.32-0.66%. Reducing sugar content decreased rapidly by 4 days and then slowly decreased (p<0.001). Total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria counts significantly increased (p<0.05) with fermentation period. Content of total folate was highest at $69.82{\mu}g/100g$ and $68.16{\mu}g/100g$ on days 0 and 2 of fermentation, after which it decreased to 77.6% at $15.61{\mu}g/100g$ on day 10 of fermentation. Conclusion: As a result, there was no definite trend regarding folate content in commercial Kimchi and other Kimchi. Young leafy radish, Chives, and Welsh onion Kimchi, which are rich in green leaves, are excellent folate source foods. The highest folate content of fermented Kimchi was identified on day 2 of fermentation. Therefore, it is recommended to use raw or immature Kimchi when using Kimchi as a folate source food.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.367-373
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• 2017

본 연구는 두 품종 배추(봄맛노랑 및 춘광)의 가공조건(신선배추, 절임배추, $4^{\circ}C$ 저장 김치 및 $20^{\circ}C$ 저장 김치)에 따른 GSL 및 ITC의 정성 정량 분석을 하였다. HPLC와 HPLC/MS분석 결과 봄맛노랑 및 춘광 배추에는 4종류의 GSL(sinigrin, gluconapin, glucobrassicanapin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin)가 확인되었다. 신선배추의 총 GSL 함량은 봄맛노랑; $21.37{\pm}1.06{\mu}g/g$ DW, 춘광; $20.96{\pm}3.33{\mu}g/g$ DW에서 절임공정을 거쳐 봄맛노랑, 춘광이 각각 39%, 52% 감소하였다. 또한 김치로 가공하여 $20^{\circ}C$에 저장하였을 때 신선배추 대비 봄맛노랑, 춘광이 각각 83%, 56% 감소하여 GSL의 함량은 절임공정 및 숙성과정에서 크게 소실되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 GC/MS분석 결과 봄맛노랑 및 춘광 배추에는 3종류의 ITC(2-phenylethyl ITC, 3-butenyl ITC, 4-pentenyl ITC)가 확인되었다. 2-Phenylethyl ITC는 봄맛노랑, 춘광에서 절임공정에 의하여 증가하였다가 $20^{\circ}C$에 저장하며 숙성되는 동안 다량 소실되었다. 3-Butenyl ITC은 절임공정에서부터 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 김치로 저장하는 동안에는 크게 감소하지 않았다. 4-Pentenyl ITC는 신선배추에서만 발견되었다가 가공처리에 의해 완전히 소실되어 관찰되지 않았다. 본 연구는 향후 산업체에서 배추 가공식품의 기초자료로서 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.701-709
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate Chinese university students' in Shanghai perception for Korean Kimchi. The results were as follows : A questionaire was examined on male 139(49.5%) and female 142(50.5%) college students of residing in Shanghai. Nationality of Kimchi answered Korea 75% of ail the participants, and have eaten Kimchi was 60.9%. Male purchsed commercial Kimchi 42.2% and female restaurant 46.3a(p< .01). The first answered 'it was taste' 51.6% when commercial Kimchi purchsed, and packing size of commercial Kimchi was 200g 56.9%. Among the intake experience have eaten Kimchi was the highest Baechu Kimchi 77.8%, Mu Kimchi 58.5% and Oi Kimchi 35.7%, also preference of Kimchi was Baechu Kimchi 49.7%, Mu Kimchi 26.9% and Oi Kimchi 13.8% in order. After have eaten Kimchi answered good 54.5%(p< .01), Kimchi liked reason were the highest 'refreshing taste' 39.7%, unliked were odor(of garlic, ginger and anchovy juice, etc) and too spicy in order Improvement on consumption extention of Kimchi answered 'not too hot' 30.4%, 'not too salty' 28.6% and 'not over-riped' 21.7%. Perception for Kimchi answered the highest mean 3.51'Kimchi can be preserved for a long time' (p< .05) and 'Kimchi is a good side dish with cooked rice'.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.754-760
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate Chinese university students' in Beijing perception for Korean Kimchi. The results were as follows: A questionnaire was examined on male 145 (45.7%) and female 172 (54.3%) college students of residing in Beijing. Nationality of Kimchi answered Korea 83.3% of all the participants, and have eaten Kimchi was 59.0%. Male purchased commercial Kimchi 39.7%, and female restaurant 44.9% (p< .05). The first answered 'it was taste' 52.1% when commercial Kimchi purchased, and packing size of commercial Kimchi was 50g 50.0%. Among the intake experience have eaten Kimchi was the highest Baechu Kimchi 79.1%, Mu Kimchi 68.4% and Oi Kimchi 63.6%, also preference of Kimchi was Baechu Kimchi 44.3%, Mu Kimchi 29.3% and Oi Kimchi 19.2% in order. After have eaten Kimchi answered good 64.6% (p< .05), Kimchi liked reason were the highest 'refreshing taste' 42.4%, unliked were 'oder (of garlic, ginger and anchovy juice, etc)' and 'too spicy' 33.3%, respectively. Improvement on consumption extention of Kimchi answered 'not too salty' 30.2%, 'not too hot' 28.5% and 'not too strong seasoning' 22.7%. Perception for Kimchi answered the highest mean (3.95) 'Kimchi is a good side dish with cooked rice'.