• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.145-152
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• 1988

The potential natural vegetation of Naejangsan national park area, southwestern Korea, was inferred from the actual vegetation. With the phytosociological classification, ordinatins and field surveys, the actual vegetation map of the area was made in scale 1:25, 000, including ten communities of Pinus densiflora, quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus laxiflora, Daphnipyllum macropodum, Carpinus tschonoskii, Quercus aliena-Carpinus tschonoskii, Cornus controversa-Lindera erythrocarpa, Torreya mucifera-Zelkova serrate and Acer mono-Zelkova serrata community. The analyses of species richness, age structure and various informations on vegetation changes suggest the three pathways of late stage succession from P. densiflora forest to climatic climax. The first of them is through Q. variabilis forest to Q. monogolica forest in the upper parts of the mountain, the second through Q. variabilis and Q. serrata forest to C. laxiflora forest in the middle parts and the third through Q. aliena forest to C. tschonoskii forest in lower parts. Considering the actual vegetation and informations on the vegetation changes including human activities, the potential natural vegetation of the mountain mainly composed of Q. monogolica, C. laxiflora, C. tschonoskii, P. densiflora and Z. serrata forest as climatic climax and/or edaphic climax was inferred. The present situration of nature conservation in the area was estimated by the examination on the actual vegetation and potential natural vegetation map.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.13-23
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of greenhouse cultivation area and groundwater level changes due to the water curtain cultivation in the greenhouse complexes, which are mainly situated along rivers where water resources are easy to secure. The groundwater observation network in Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do, located downstream of the Nakdong River, was selected for the study area. We classified the groundwater monitoring well into the greenhouse (riverside) and field cultivation areas (plain and mountain) to compare the groundwater impact of water curtain cultivation in the greenhouse complex. The characteristics of groundwater level changes classified by terrain type were analyzed using the observed data. Riverside wells have significant permeability coefficients and are close to rivers, so they are greatly affected by river flow and precipitation changes so that water level shows a specific pattern of annual changes. Most plain wells do not show a constant annual change, but observation wells near small rivers and small-scale greenhouse cultivation areas sometimes show annual and daily changes in which the water level drops during winter. Compared to other observation wells, mountain wells do not show significant yearly changes in water level and show general characteristics of bedrock aquifer well with a low permeability coefficient.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.739-749
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• 2015

Field measurement of wind characteristics is of great significance for the wind engineering community. High-frequency anemometers such as ultrasonic anemometers are widely used to obtain the high-frequency fluctuating wind speed time history. However, conventional instrumentation systems may suffer from low efficiency, non-real time transmission and higher maintenance cost, and thus are not very appropriate in the field measurement of strong winds in remote areas such as mountain valleys. In order to improve the field measurement performance in those remote areas, a wireless high-frequency anemometer instrumentation system for field measurement has been developed. In this paper, the architecture of the proposed instrumentation system, and measured data transmission and treatment will be presented firstly. Then a comparison among existing instrumentation systems and the proposed one is made. It shows that the newly-developed system has considerable advantages. Furthermore, the application of this system to the bridge site located in the mountain valley is discussed. Finally, typical samples of measured data from this area are presented. It can be expected that the proposed system has a great application potential in the wind field measurement for remote areas such as the mountainous or island or coastal area, and hazardous structures such as ultra-voltage transmission tower, due to its real-time transmission, low cost and no manual collection of data and convenience.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 2018

This study comprehends that the landscape of Ipsan Village is the accumulated output of the landscape management and social behavior by the historic personages through the reference research and field surveys. And the study sorted out the over-layered landscape characteristics of Ipsan Village by analyzing the dispersed landscape elements as follows. First, right before the start of Japanese invasions to Korea(1592-98), Tamjin(耽津) An(安) Family moved into Ipsan and started establishing the a single clan village. At a site with mountain background and facing the water(背山臨水), the village used to be a typical farming one with an organically planned road-system and housing area following the traditional order. However, the landscape has changed drastically since the 20th century with the construction of banks, roads and readjustment of arable land etc. Second, the original landscape, which can be figured out through the 'Gosanjaesibyukgyeong(高山齋十六景)' in the 18th century, shows its harmony with natural landscape: mountain & valley, stream & field, traditional trees, etc, cultural landscape: village, well, spring, etc, and momentary landscape: seasons, time, weather phenomena, sound, behavior, etc. Third, based on the second, 16 natural landscape elements: mountain & stream, planting, etc. and 25 cultural landscape elements: housing spaces, self-cultivation & ceremony spaces, community spaces and modern education & enlightenment spaces were selected and interpreted as landscaping meanings. Fourth, the over-layered landscape which stems from the compositive functions and inter-connectivity of landscape elements which consists Ipsan Village is regarded as 'Natural geographical and Fungsu landscape', 'Rural production and livelihood landscape', 'Confucian ceremony and symbolic landscape' and 'Modern education and enlightenment landscape.'

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.825-860
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• 2011

For the first time basic settlement area development plan was established in 2010, in order to promote cooperative coexisting development among regions, as time that regional competitiveness determines national competitiveness started. Basic settlement area development plan is composed of 7 sectors and 24 general subsidy projects. It was judged that experience and tourism business as the center is required to be analyzed, which may have effect on activation of farm village, fishing village and mountain village, and inflow of city people, in agriculture, forestry and fishery sector in order that added value of agriculture and fishery is increased, and tangible and intangible resources are applied, and pure agriculture, forestry and fishery is developed. And currently farm village, mountain village and fishing village of our country faces desperate crisis situation that they cannot help groping for substitutive to create new revenue model, and agriculture and fishery of primary industry has limit of increasing income of farmer and fisherman. Agriculture, forestry and fishery experience and tourism business was classified by types, and then standard of 12 categories and 48 sections was prepared, for searching method to supplement and develop it. Trend of experience and tourism business was understood, and problem was found, and then it may be used as indicator material to carry out creative and differentiated business plan establishment and business operation, and may be opportunity to reject overlapped business among regions, and to promote balanced regional development.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.27
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• pp.209-238
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• 2011

Ecomuseum which appeared in France in 1968 and widely diffused over the world, is a new type of museum. The purpose of this museum is not to simply possess and exhibit the existing relics, but to discover the locational senses of a territory by in-situ conserving and interpreting its entire natural and cultural heritages, and to plan the participation of its population and the development of its local community. The significance of this museum can be found in the recovery of disappearing collective memories of a territory, the restoration of the cultural identity of its population and the revitalization of a underdeveloped area. As the majority of these museums are fragmented or open air museums, an 'web ecomuseum' which makes the remote offering of informations about whole dispersed heritages and their holistic interpretation possible by digitalizing, recording, conserving, interpreting and utilizing related heritages, is necessary. This paper considers the possibility of web ecomuseum and its constitution contents and methods through the case of Mountain Mudeung area. Especially, in relation to the latter, this paper suggests a plan which consists of selection of own local themes, construction of digital archives, design of web expositions and production of electronic cultural maps.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2021

The climate is changing rapidly, and this may pose a major threat to global biodiversity. One of the most distinctive consequences of climate change is the poleward and/or upward shift of species distribution ranges associated with increasing temperatures, resulting in a change of species composition and community structure in the forest ecosystems. The Baekdudaegan mountain range connects most forests from the lowland to the subalpine zone in South Korea and is therefore recognized as one of the most important biodiversity hotspots. This study was conducted to understand the distribution range of vascular plants along elevational gradients through field surveys in the six national parks of the Baekdudaegan mountain range. We identified the upper and lower distribution limits of a total of 873 taxa of vascular plants with 117 families, 418 genera, 793 species, 14 subspecies, 62 varieties, two forms, and two hybrids. A total of 12 conifers were recorded along the elevational gradient. The distribution ranges of Abies koreana, Picea jezoensis, Pinus pumila, and Thuja koraiensis were limited to over 1000 m above sea level. We also identified 21 broad-leaved trees in the subalpine zone. A total of 45 Korean endemic plant species were observed, and of these, 15 taxa (including Aconitum chiisanense and Hanabusaya asiatica) showed a narrow distribution range in the subalpine zone. Our study provides valuable information on the current elevational distribution ranges of vascular plants in the six national parks of South Korea, which could serve as a baseline for vertical shifts under future climate change.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2018

Breeding bird surveys provide the reference information for understanding bird community structure and function in the ecosystem and conserving biodiversity. Recent rapid change of biodiversity due to climate change and other factors has made it necessary to utilize acoustic sensors for accuracy and spatial expansion of forest bird survey data and for time-series monitoring of forest birds. The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of using acoustic recording sensor to evaluate the diversity of forest birds at breeding season by comparing and analyzing the recorded data of bird songs and field bird survey data. We conducted the site survey and recording in 186 points in 48 areas of 4 regions of Gombaeryeong and Jochimryeong around Jeombongsan Mountain and Jugryeong and Gochiryeong around Sobaeksan Mountain from May 2nd to 16th in 2013. The analysis of the correlation between the recording result and Bird Community Index based on the field survey showed that the number of bird species, population, and the number of bird songs by recording was significantly correlated to the number of species and population by field survey. Moreover, the number of bird species and the number of bird songs by recording showed a significant correlation to species diversity and species richness but no or low significant correlation to species evenness by the field study (observation and listing in parallel). As a result, it was possible to check species composition and species diversity of bird communities by analyzing acoustic recording data on the field. The acoustic recordings of bird songs in the breeding period were more reliable than the non-breeding period in the correlation of recording result and species diversity and for utilization.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.741-750
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• 2014

To investigate the vegetation structure of mountain ridge from Guryongryeong to Mt. Yaksu, 22 plots ($100m^2$) installed with random sampling method were surveyed. Three groups of Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudosieboldianum community, Q. mongolica community, Cornus controversa-Q. mongolica community were classified by cluster analysis. Q. mongolica was a major woody plant species in the ridge area from Guryongryeong to Yaksusan and Carpinus cordata and C. controversa was partly occupied in some area. High positive correlations showed between Q. mongolica and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Tilia amurensis and Tilia mandshurica, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa; Tilia mandshurica and S. chinensis for. pilosa, R. schlippenbachii; Betula costata and Acer mono; Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa and Rhododendron schlippenbachii, and relatively high negative correlations showed between A. pseudosieboldianum and S. chinensis for. pilosa, R. schlippenbachii. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups were ranged 0.8170~1.1446 and it was lower compared to those of the ridge area of the national parks in Baekdudaegan.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.462-472
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• 2013

This study was carried out to provide a basic data for preservation of Pinus desiflora forest as cultural landscape forest by analyzing characteristics of plant community of P. desiflora forest in Geumjeongsan(mountatin) in Busan city. In order to analyze plant community of P. densiflora in Geumjeongsan, we set up 10 study plots inside and 8 plots outside of Geumjeongsansung(mountain fortress, hereinafter 'Sansung')(unit area: $400m^2$), a total of 18 plots. TWINSPAN analysis divided these 18 study plots into 6 communities which are Querqus serrata-P. desiflora community, P. desiflora community, P. desiflora-Q. serrata community, P. thunbergii-P. densiflora community, P. densiflora-P. thubergii-Q. acutissima community, and P. densiflora-Platycarya strobilacea community. Importance Percentage (I.P.) of each area and DBH class distribution of main species showed that P. densiflora community would succeed to Q. serrata community or C. tschonoskii community. Analysis on tree age found out that communities in the Sansung were 32~37 years old and those outside the Sansung were 44~57 years old. Shannon's species diversity index ranged from 0.4826 to 1.2499. Regarding correlation between species, P. densiflora had negative correlation with Styrax japonica. Based on abovementioned result we expected ecological succession from P. densiflora community to Q. serrata community inside of the Sansung. Outside the Sansung, succession from P. densiflora-P. thunbergii community to C. tschonoskii-Q. serrata community was expected. In order to manage P. densiflora forest as cultural landscape forest, Q. spp in the understory and shrub layer and deciduous broad-leaved arboreal trees should be managed. Tree crown management of deciduous broad-leaved trees in competition with P. desiflora, is also required.