• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.802-812
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of natural incense on the preservation of paper- and textile-based remains and the kinds and applications of natural anti-insect incense by reviewing relevant literatures of the ancient times. There are few ancient literatures of incense published in Korea. The researcher deducted how incense was used in this nation through reviewing verses contained in ancient literatures and medical books. In contrast, the kinds and applications of anti-insect incense used in China, where incense culture prospered, were investigated here through reviewing technical books about incense published during the Song(宋) and Ming(明) periods, $\ll$Incense record(香譜)$\gg$, $\ll$Chen's Incense record(陳氏香譜)$\gg$ and $\ll$Incense record(香乘)$\gg$. There were several methods of keeping clothes better from insects. In relation, how to use anti-insect incense varied in accordance with main materials of clothes, paper, textile, leather and others. Cymbopogon dstans(芸香), Brassica rapu var and Incarvillea sinensis(角蒿) are anti-insect incense which were used for paper. Anti-insect incense for textiles is classified into single and mixed incenses depending on whether only one kind of incense was used or more than seven kinds of the substance. Acori rhizoma(菖蒲), Capsella bursa-pastoris(薺菜花), Lactuca sativa L., Erigeron canadensis(莽草), Stemona japonica(百部) and Moschus sifanicus(麝香) are single anti-insect incense which were used for textile. While, the latter was called. ‘Yi Xiang(衣香)’ is mixed anti-insect incense which was used for textile. Artemisia asiatica(艾葉) and Zanthoxylum schinifolium(花椒) are anti-insect incense which were used for leather. Angelica dahurica(芳香) and Bamboo are anti-insect incense which were used for others. There were three main methods of using incense to prevent insects, that is, diffusing incense's strong scent and ingredients, exposing to smokes from burnt incense and washing with incense-boiled water. Diffusing incenses had a strong scent and antibiotic ingredients, which were put between books or clothes or into a storage box without being processed. If necessary, however, they were processed into rough powders that were in turn used singly, or otherwise mixed for a stronger scent and better insect elimination. Exposing to smokes from burnt incense was done as follows. A clothes was put on 'Long(籠)' underneath which there was a boiling water. The clothes was humidified by the water and then exposed to smokes from burnt incense. 'Long(籠)' had been long used since it was manufactured in the QinHan(秦漢) period for the first time. A local literature, $\ll$Koryo TuGing(高麗圖經)$\gg$ shows that in the Koryo(高麗) period, BoShaLu(博山爐) were used as a means of exposing clothes to smokes to prevent moths, similarly to China. Washing clothes with incense-boiled water was more effective in removing lots of worms and germs from clothes, but leaving the scent and ingredients of the used incense and maintaining the effect of anti-insect.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 2001

Flying behavior during nighttime and control methods of fruit sucking pests were investigated in yuzu (Citrus junos) groves at Koheung area from August to November in 1999. Among the 3 kind of bulbs with different color (white, blue and yellow), white bulb attracted the most number of fruit sucking pests . The 93 percent of the moths was attracted from sunset to 24 o\`clock. Main flying time of hemipteriods in early, mid, and late October were from 22 to 04 o\`clock, sunset to 02 o\`clock and sunset to 24 o\`clock, respectively. Their flying time become earlier as the night temperature declines. For control of fruit sucking pests, attraction liquid traps, light traps (100 W) and illumination light bulb were set up in the yuzu groves (1,000 $\m^2$) from the 1 st October to the 3rd November. Attraction liquid was composed of a raw rice wine 2,000 ml+black sugar 100 g+vinegar 100 ml. When established at 3 sites per 1,000 $\m^2$ orchard, attraction liquid trap reduced the number of sucking spots on yuzu fruit to 64% and its attracting effect maintained for 3 weeks after setting-up. Three light traps per 1,000 m2 which turned on from sunset to 02 o\`clock reduced the number of sucking spots by 60% .

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.4
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• pp.41-46
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• 1965

Author investigated the effects of a grate type mounting on. the pupae, moth and deposit of silkworm eggs. The results are as follows. 1) The grate type mounting was more useful for the silkworms to spin the cocoons transversely than the other type. 2) Many abnormal pupae appeared in the control, and in next generation all the silkworm characters of them were poor. 3) The fact which many dead pupae occurred in the control seems to be that the cocoons spun vertical1y did harm to the physiological reactions of the pupae. 4) The moth rate emerging out of the cocoons was higher in the grate type mounting than in the control. 5) Many moths which laid normal eggs were in the grate type mounting, and also laid a lot of eggs. Therefor, author made an infference that the grate type mounting had accelerated the laying eggs. 7) The total weight of eggs produced from 1000 cocoons was heavier in the grate type mounting(index=100) than in the control (index=85). As shown in table of analysis of vanriace, above phenomenon might be relative with one of the reasons why the cocoon spun transversely could be more produced in the grate type mounting than in the control. 8) Even though the grate type mounting costs higher than the other one, it may be available because the egg weight per unit was considerably heavier in its treatment. So the cost of egg production will become cheaper.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.119-122
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• 1971

The following results were obtained through the experiments and study of fertility for silkworm eggs in vagina, oviduct, and ovarial base. The sample eggs were collected after leaving silkworm moth for one week from the date of treatment was given to oviporm orifice of the silkworm moth by heated needle in order to discontinue laying eggs. Those sample silkworm moths were divided into two groups. The first group was under the condition of immediately after the couplation and the second group was under the condition of after the laying eggs in some extend, and both of them were completed couplation. The sample eggs were screened in order to confirm the degree of color which normally be observed as very characteristic during hibernating. 1. About 5% of silkworm out of the total sample were identified as having 1-2 eggs. (See table 1). But, the charasteristic colour of hibernating egg was not observed. The colour was not much different as that of eggs in ovarian duct. 2. Immediately after the couplation, the eggs were not found in vagina under the condition of immediately after the couplation. 3. About 10% of the sample under the condition of after laying eggs in some extend were found having eggs in vagina or oviduct. 4. About 2% of the sample silkworm moth under the condition of immediately after the couplation were found having I fertilized egg in oviduct. 5. No fertilized egg was found in ovarian tube. It seemed that sperm did not enter ovarian tube. 6. Almost the entire eggs were found in ovarian tube under the condition of immediately after the couplation. But, eggs under the condition of after laying eggs in some extend were found around oviduct and vagina due to the continuous movement of silkworm eggs towards oviporus orifice. 7. Sperm is mainly found around seminal receptacle and vagina, and sperm goes into micropyle together with silkworm eggs which were moving towards oviduct.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.22-37
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate LBP(low-back pain) prevalence rate and its related factors inphysical therapists. A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted to 522 physical therapists in Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk. The LBP prevalence rate for recent 6 months was $61.7\%$. According to age, the prevalence rate was highest in the group aged 24 or less for both male and female physical therapistis. For male physical therapists , it was higher in smokers and drivers, but for female ones, it was not in a significant relationship with smoking and driving. According to work experience, the prevalence rates of those who had been working for less than one year were the highest, and those who had been working at hospitals and clinics were $69.1\%$, significantly high. According to therapy techinque, the prevalence rate related ti PNF was $71.6\%$, the highest and to occupational therapy was $34.3\%$, the lowest. According to working environment for six months, in both male and female physical therapists. LBP prevalence rate was in a statistically significant relationship with work hours during the day, night and weekend duties, repetitive works, motions that bend or twist the waist, the number of patients per day, the number of time to help patients per day, the number of time to carry medical equipment per day and the length of time to work standing. The rate was also higher when physical therapists fekt nire stress from their work. According to the result of multiple logistic regression analysis, male was in a significant relationship with work experience and motions that bend or twist the waist and female was in a significant relationship with work hours during the night and weekend duties, the number of time to help patients per day, motions that bena or twist the waist, actions taken to protect the waist. As for the developmental pattem of LBP in the group of physical therapists with LBP for six moths, $15.7\%$ of them had LBP for first time, $42.3\%$ had recurred LBP, and $42.0\%$ had chronic LBP. As for the causes of LBP, $51.7\%$ said that it was because they worked in the same posture for a long time, and as for how to treat LBP, 48.8% said that they treated themselvs or got help from their co-wokers. The results presented above suggest that physical therapists are exposed to high risk of LBP caused form occupational activities. Therefire, it is necessary to improve working environment to reduce the occurrence of LBP and to develop education programs for preventing the occurrence and recurrence of LBP.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.30-42
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• 2011

Moths were collected to survey turfgrass pest and to compare species diversity from Jinju Country Club in Jinju, Gyeongsangnamdo, Korea, every 10 days using 200W mercury light trap from middle May to late October in 2008. As the results, only 23 individuals of Pseudaletia separata, Spodoptera depravata, Spodoptera litura, Agrotis segetum, and Agrotis ipsilon were collected as turf grass insect pests. However, 2028 individuals of 388 species in 22 families were collected in total. Dominant species was Culcula panterinaria, Fentonia ocypete, Hypsopygia regina, Culcula panterinaria, Flavocrambus striatellus, and Diarsia camescens in May, June, July, August, September and October, respectively. Species diversity was not different between two surveyed sites, but different among surveyed time. Species richness was more higher in hole 11 (Hole was surrounded by natural forest and located near pond) than hole 15 (Hole was located at the top part of mountain). Dominance index of moth was increased from October compared with diverse index and richness index were decreased from October. A large number of species and individuals were recorded in Noctuidae (502 individuals in 131 species), Geometridae (491 individuals in 84 species), Pyralidae (386 individuals in 73 species), and Notodontidae (277 individuals in 25 species). These four families were 80.9% out of all the collected species.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 1976

The female moths of Lepidoptera comprising over 1,000,000 described species possess long-chain unsaturated alcohols or esters as the typical structure of potential sex attractants. In this experiment, various stereoisomers of $C_{16}-unsaturated$ acetates were synthesized for potential sex attractants; e.g., $CH_3(CH_2)_mCH=CH(CH_2)_nOR$ (m=0-12, n=1-13, R=H and $-COCH_3$). Seventeen acetates were spectrometrically examined so that the data would provide a ready catalog of gas chromatography and mass spectrometric data for comparison with natural insect sex attractants. Exclusively cis and trans isomers were obtained by the catalytic and chemical reduction methods, respectively. Commercially available $CH_3(CH_2)_mBr,\;CH_3(CH_2)_mC{\equiv}CH,\;HC{\equiv}C(CH_2)_nOH\;and\;HO(CH_2)_n\;OH$ were used for the synthetic starting material. 1-Alkynes, $CH_3(CH_2)_m\;C{\equiv}CH$ exceeding nine methylene groups did not condense with alkyl dihalides. The yield of coupling products was gradually decreased with increasing the molecular weight of diols. In the coupling reaction of $BrCH_2CH_2$ OTHP with acetylene gas, the tetrahydropyranyl ether of bromohydrin produced undesirable elimination product. In this experiment, it seems that p-toluenesulfonic acid is greatly favoured hydrolyzing agent over dilute sulfuric acid in the hydrolysis of the tetrahydropyranyl ether of long-chain alkynols.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2008

This study demonstrates a variability in efficacy of mating disruption against the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, populations infesting apples cultivated in differential environmental conditions. Throughout the growing seasons, trap catches of G. molesta male moths and damaged leaf and fruit were examined to evaluate the efficacy of a commercialized mating disruptor. Treatment of the mating disruptor significantly reduced the trap catches of male moth in treated plot, compared to those of the untreated plot. This reduced trap catches were significantly correlated with leaf and fruit damage. Moreover, the highest host damage occurred in June just after the highest overwintering adult peaks in both plots. The treatment of mating disruptors in Chungsong effectively disrupted the overwintering population in April and May, resulting in no noticeable host damage during the following growing seasons. However, there was a marked difference in host damage between two plots, especially in late seasons. Variation in the efficacy of mating disruption technology in terms of host damage appeared to be related with nearby pheromone-untreated orchards, which may result in the immigration of gravid females.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2008

This survey was conducted from 1992 to 2005 in the major apple producing districts in southern part of South Korea including $4{\sim}8$ cities, to know the occurrence and damage level of two major pests, Carposina sasakii and Grapholita molesta that attack apple fruit. The fruit damage by G. molesta during the harvest period ranged from 0.02 to 1.64%. A tendency of higher damage of G. molesta was observed after 1997 compared with the previous years. The other hand, the fruit damage by C. sasakii was 0.02 to 1.30%, and the damage level was very low with fruit damage of < 0.3% except 1998. The orchard infested with G. molesta was 13 to 71 %, while 12 to 57% with C. sasakii. The rates of orchards where fruit damage by G. molesta was found were higher than those by C. sasakii after 1997. The tendency of fruit damage rates in the orchard where the most fruit damage was found was same with the trend of orchard rates infested with the pests. The maximum damage rate by G. molesta was 20.0% in 2005, while 4.5% by C. sasakii in 1998. The damaged shoot rates by the first generation G. molesta was $0.1{\sim}8.1%$, and it had a positive correlation with the rates of fruit damage during the harvest period. Consequently, it is concluded that G. molesta is dominant species compared with C. sasakii in commercial apple orchards recently.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.45 no.3 s.144
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• pp.371-373
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• 2006

Life history of Ivela auripes (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), a pest of Cornus controversa, was investigated both in laboratory and field condition. At $24{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, developmental period from larvae to adult and adult life span was $26.3{\pm}0.3$ and $4.4{\pm}0.2$ days, respectively. Developmental period of pupae reared in the laboratory was not significantly different from those collected in the field. Female moths reared in the laboratory laid significantly less eggs than those emerged from the pupae collected in the field. Light trap catches was less effective than direct monitoring in the field. The two monitoring results showed that adult moth emerged from early June to late June, and the time of 50% cumulative emergence was 17 June.