• 대한간호학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.153-173
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• 1990

One of the important tasks for new parents. especially mothers, is to establish warm, mutually affirming interpersonal relationships with the new baby in the family, with the purpose of promoting the healthy development of the child and the wellbeing of the whole family. Nurses assess the quality of the behavioral characteristics of the maternal-infant interaction. This study examined the relationships between primiparas pereptions of their delivery experience and their maternal infant interaction. It compared to delivery experience of mothers having a normal vaginal delivery with those having a casearean section. The purpose was to explore the relationships between the mother's perceptions of her delivery experience with her maternal infant interaction. The aim was to contribute to the development of theoretical understanding on which to base care toward promoting the quality of maternal-infant interaction. Data were collected directly by the investigator and a trained associate from Dec. 1, 1987 to March 8, 1988. Subjects were 3 random sample of 62 mothers, 32 who had a normal vaginal delivery and 30 who had a non-elective cesarean section (but without other perinatal complications) at three general hospitals in Seoul. Instruments used were the Stainton Parent -infant Interaction Scale(1981) and the Marut and Mercer Perception of Birth Scale(1979). The first observations were made in the delivery room (for vaginally delivered mothers only), followed by day 1, day 2, day 3, and 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks after birth, for a total of 7-8 contacts(Cesarean section mothers were observed on days 4 and 5 but the data not used for analysis). Observations in the hospital were made during the hour prior to scheduled feedings. The infant was placed beside the mother. Later contacts were made at home. Data analysis was done by computer using as SPSS program and indulded X² test, paired t-test, t-test, and Pearson Correlation coefficient ; the results were as follows. 1. Mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery tended to perceive the delivery experience more positively than cesarean section mothers(p＝0.002). The finding supported the hypothesis I that perception of delivery would vary according to the method of delivery. Mothers' perceptions of birth were classified into three dimensions, labor, delivery and the bady. There was a significantly different and positive perception by the vaginally delivered mothers to the delivery experience(p＝0.000) but no differences for labor or the bady according to the delivery method(p＝0.096, p＝0.389), 2. Mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery had higher average maternal-infant interaction scores(p＝0.029) than mothers who had a cesarean section. There were similar higher scores for the 1st day(p＝0.042), 2nd day (p＝0.009), and the 3rd day(p＝0.006) after delivery but not for later times. The findings supported the hypothesis Ⅱ that there would be differences in maternal-infant interaction for mothers having vaginal and cesarean section deliveries. However these differences deccreased section deliveries. However these differences decreased over time . by eight weeks the scores for vaginal delivery mothers averaged 8.1 and for cesarean section mothers, 7.9. 3. The more highly positive the pereption of the delivery experience, the higher the maternal-infant interaction score for all subjects(F＝.3206, p＝.006). The findings supported the hypothesis Ⅲ that there would be correlations between perceptions of delivery and maternal-infant interaction. The maternal infant interaction was highest when the perception of the bady and deliery was positive(r＝.4363, p＝.000, r＝.2881, p＝.012). No correlations between perceptions of labor and maternal-infant interaction were found(p＝0.062). 4. The daily maternal-infant interaction score for the initial contact after birth to 8 weeks postpartum had the lowest average score 5.20 and the highest 7.98(in a range of 0-10). This subjects group of mothers needed nursing intervention to promote their maternal- infant interaction. The daily scores for the maternal-infant over the period of eight weeks. However, there were significantly different increases in maternal-infant interaction only from the first to second day(p＝0.000) and from the fourth to sixth weeks after birth(P＝0.000). 5. When the eight items of maternal-infant interaction were evaluated separately, “Expresses feelings about her role as mother” had the highest average score, 1.64(ina range of 0-3)and “Speaks to baby” the lowest, 0.9. All items, with the possible exception of “Expresses feelings about her role as mother”, suggested the subjects' need of nursing intervention to promote maternal-infant interaction. 6. There were positive correlations between certain general charateristis, namely, both a higher economic status(p＝0.002) and breast feeding(p＝0.202) and maternal - infant interaction. There were positive correlations between a mother's confidence in her role as a mother and the perception of the birth experience(p＝0.004). For mothers who had a cesarean section, a positive perception of the birth experience was related to the duration of her marriage(p＝0.010), a wanted pregnancy (P＝0.030) and her confidence in her role as a mother(p＝0.000). Pereptions of birth for mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery were positive than those for mothers who had a cesarean section. The level of maternalinfant interaction for mothers delivered vaginally was higher than for cesarean section mothers. The relationship between perception of birth and materanalinfant interaction was confirmed. Cesarean section has an impact on the mother's perceived experience of birth which, in turn, is positively related to maternal-infant in turn, is positively related to maternal-infant interaction. Nursing intervention to enhance maternal-infant interaction should begin in prenatal classes with an exploration of the potential impact of cesarean section on the perceptions of the birth experience and continue throughout the perinatal and post-natal periods to promote the mother's ability to control with this crisis experience and to mobilize social support. Nursing should help transform a relatively negatively perceived experience into an accepted, positively perceived and self affirming experience which enhances the maternal-infant relationship.

• 아동학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.243-255
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• 2008

This study analyzed relations among maternal parenting behavior, infant development and parenting stress focusing on the moderating effect of parenting stress. Subjects were 30 infants and their mothers. After videotaping the mother-infant free play session, maternal parenting was analyzed by the Parent Child Interaction Play Assessment(Mash & Terdal, 1981); mothers' parenting stress was measured by questionnaire. Infant development was measured individually by the Korean Bayley Scale of Infant Development (K-BSID-II). Correlation analyses revealed that infant cognitive development correlated significantly with maternal parenting behavior (attention) but the relation between them was moderated by maternal parenting stress; only the low parenting stress group showed a positive relationship between maternal parenting behavior and infant development.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.9-21
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• 1981

The purpose of this study was to observe and describe the maternal attachment behavior during the mother's first interactions with her newborn and define the factors contributing to differences in maternal attachment behavior. Observations of the mother's first interaction with her newborn can offer valuable information about the mother-infant relationship, and it provides an opportunity for planning individulized care for them. Data was collected from Sep. 1, 1950 to Oct.30, 1980 at Ewha Womans University Hospital. Maternal attachment behaviors of healthy full-term infants were observed and recorded on the .maternal attachment tool and analysed by the use of means, standard deviations and ANEVA test. The following trends of maternal behaviors were observed: 1. Identifying behaviors was the predominant mode and all of the mothers inspects baby's body features. 2. Modalities of interaction, that is, touching was initiated on the babies extremities and heads (57.3%) rather than the trunks (8.7%) and mothers touched their infants with their fingertips (58.2%) more than palm touching (14.6%) 3. Care-taking activities performed by the mother were negligible at the first interaction. 4. Parity of mother, sex of infant, age of mother, planned pregnancy, length of visits by mother to infant appeared to have significant influence on the maternal attachment behaviors.

• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2000

The Low Birth Weight infant birth rate in this country is a little more than 15 percent and is being increased. The survival rate of Low Birth Weight infant is over 90 percent and recently the rate runs is getting. However, because of the high risk of Low Birth Weight infant for handicap in growth, a preventive nursing intervention program for Low Birth Weight infant and their mother is considered to be necessary. Touch and massage, thus sensory stimulation has been considered to be important ensuring a normal growth of Low Birth Weight infant During the past decades sensory stimulation program has been used for premature and Low Birth Weight infants. Recently a study on the sensory stimulation for Low Birth Weight infants has bee n done in this country. Mother and infant relationship has a great influence on child's development. Especially, mother and infant interaction during one year after birth plays important role in child's social. affective and cognitive developments. But in the study of Low Birth Weight infants, the mother and infant interaction has been rare yet. However, there was no study effectiveness of the sensory stimulation on mother and infant interaction. In this respect, this study based on the importance of the nursing intervention, is intended to measure the effectiveness of the massage therapy in the aspects of weight, daily feeding amount, cortisolurine stress hormone and mother and infant interactions. This study has been conducted on the nonequivalent control group pretestposttest design in quasi experimental basis and Low Birth Weight infants from NICU of two Medical University Hospitals located in Taegu Metropolitan were selected in experimental group of 21 infants and control group of 20 infants. Data has been collected from May 1, 1999 to September 5, 2000. For the experimental group Field's sensory stimulation(tactile and kinesthetic stimulation) was applied 2 times a day for 10 days(10:00 - 11:00 hours in the morning and 19:00 - 20:00 in the afternoon) by nurse and mother. The electronic indicator scale (Cas Co. Korea) was used to measure infant's body weight. To determine urine cortisol concentration level under stress, rad immuno assay method was used. And to determine mother and infant interactions during feeding, tools developed by Kim Mi-Ye (1999) were used. Collected data were analyzed with SAS program using x-test, t-test, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. Findings were as follows : 1. For the daily mean weight gain, the experimental group showed little higher than the control group, even though, there was no Statistically significant differences between two groups. 2. For the amount of daily mean feeding, the experimental group showed little higher than the control group, while there was no Statistically significant differences between two groups. 3. The level of wine cortisol concentration was increased in both groups, while no Statistical significance was shown between the two groups. 4. Mothers in experimental group were more likely to have higher mean scores in mother and infant interaction during feeding than mothers in the control group. Statistical significance was shown between the two groups(t= 5.78, P=.001). In conclusion, the massage therapy in this study showed with regard to even though through there was no statistically significance in the weight gain and urine stress hormone concentration. there was Statistical significantly higher in the mother and infant interaction during feeding. Based on the result of this study, it is considered that the massage therapy should be applied clinical practice and home to help a developmental growth and interaction of Low Birth Weight infants and mothers during the period of recovery.

• 아동학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.203-220
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• 2011

The study is aimed at examining the interaction between mothers with high postpartum depression tendencies and their 6 to 8 month old infants. Thirty pairs of infants and mothers with high depression tendencies and another 30 pairs of infants and mothers with low depression scores on the EPDS and K-PSI were selected as the final research subjects from a total of 185 mother-child pairs. They visited a laboratory and agreed to a video-recording which focussed on their infant-mother interaction for approximately 30 minutes. In conclusion, the group of mothers with high depression tendencies showed less positive, and more intrusive interactions and their infants displayed less responsive, less positive expressions than the group of mothers with low depression tendencies. This study is meaningful in that it represents a rare attempt at a qualitative analysis research into the interactions between mothers with postpartum depression and their infants.

• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.49-66
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• 2000

Pregnancy is a task of creation in which a women mobilizes her self and the resources available to her in the generation of a new person. Through the pregnancy, a mother has formed the new human relationship with a fetus. Maternal-fetal relationship is considered one of mechanism making the relationship of mother and child. It is important to well-being of mother and fetus, too. The earliest interaction between a mother and her child is during prenatal period. Maternal-fetal dyad is unique and perceived interactions with the fetus make the pregnancy real for the mother. Maternal behavior is "instinctive" and is formed in early childhood by copy of the mother. But, Rubin argues that this behavior is an open intellectual system rather than a prepackaged bundle of traits. There is openness to new learning and a high value placed on knowing which occurs with silent organization in thought. Thus, nurses and other health professionals provide prenatal care that optimally is part of the environment in which the maternal-fetal dyad develops. Thus it is appropriate for nurses to increases their understanding of the dyad and to explore ways to enhance its development. This study focusses on the interaction ability and response of fetus, and the maternal-fetal interaction. The research of fetal responses that involve physiological changes and motor movement have been shown to coccur to both external sensory stimuli and to maternal emotional states. The fetus does also have sensory capacity to be aware of some maternal behaviors, and the motor ability to respond in a way the mother can notice. Thus, very rudimentary interactions appear to be possible. Maternal awareness of fetal activity was supported by several studies. More interesting to the present study are description of maternal-fetal interaction and the finding that there appear to be levels of sensitivity to the fetus involved in maternal-fetal interactions. First, recognition comes that the fetus is separate from the maternal self. Next, the fetus engages in. Lastly, the parent may describe active interaction with the fetus, believing that mother and fetus are communicating on a meaningful level. Several interventions, developed to promote more active interaction between mother and fetus, have been reviewed. In general, the parents were taught to stimulate the fetus and to notice the fetus' responses. This type of intervention might increase the mother's sensitivity to her unborn baby, and she may have a head start toward learning how to res pond sensitivity to the newborn infant. Research In the area of maternal-fetal interaction is scarce. Sensitive behavior is construed as an appropriate and timely response to a signal of need from another person, but no such signal of need can be claimed regarding the fetus. The highest level of maternal-fetal interaction, therefore, might be based more on maternal representations of the imagined fetus than on factual evidence of fetal participation.

• 아동학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.223-242
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• 2012

The main purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the variables of infant temperament, maternal emotional availability, infant emotional responsiveness and involvement. A total of 60 infants and their mothers participated in this study. Mother-infant dyads were observed and mothers then completed questionnaires. Data was analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, t-tests, Pearson's correlations and hierarchical regressions. In terms of infant emotional responsiveness, maternal sensitivity and non-hostility, these were revealed to have had an effect on infant emotional responsiveness. Moreover, infants who have mothers who had the ability to read their infants' emotional signals accurately, responded in appropriate ways and interacted with affection, showed a higher level of responsiveness. In terms of infant emotional involvement, maternal structuring had an effect on infant emotional involvement. That is, infants who have mothers willing to support their infants through appropriate guidance and facilitate their interaction were more emotionally involved during the play sessions. In conclusion, maternal sensitivity, non-hostility and structuring were all related to infant emotional responsiveness and involvement, however, the degree of the effects of these variables differed.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.153-164
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect on mother-fetus attachment through mother-fetus interaction promotion program of talking and tactual stimulation aimed at enhancing sensitivity of primipara Non-equivalent control group posttest design was used. Fifty primiparas (26 mothers for intervention group and 24 mothers for control group) were recruited from three general hospital and an OBGY clinic located in Gang Nung city. Data was collected from January 30th to December 20th in 2001. For the intervention group, programed education which focused on mother-fetus interaction promotion of talking and tactile stimulation in the 1st trimester. Telephone counselling was provided with interval of two weeks. For two groups, home visiting for data collection of mother-fetus attachment was conducted at 36 to 38 weeks of gestational age. The data were analyzed using chi-square test and Fisher' Exact test to test the equivalence of two groups, and the effect of intervention program was determined with t- test. The result was as follow: The significant difference was found in mother-fetus attachment between two groups(t= 2.772, P= 0.0079). It indicated that intervention program was effective in improving mother-fetus attachment. In conclusion, this study has shown that the applied nursing intervention aimed at enhancing sensitivity of primiparas to fetus's movement promoted mother-fetus attachment. Therefore, this study suggests that this nursing intervention to increase maternal sensitivity to the fetus's movement should be broadly applied to primiparas, which can be beneficial for formation of mother-infant relationship, and for promotion of the social, affective, and cognitive developments of their children.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.229-233
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• 2011

In the pediatric literature, excessive crying has been reported solely in association with 3-month colic and is described, if at all, as unexplained crying and fussing during the first 3 months of life. The bouts of crying are generally thought to be triggered by abdominal colic (over-inflation of the still immature gastrointestinal tract), and treatment is prescribed accordingly. According to this line of reasoning, excessive crying is harmless and resolves by the end of the third month without long-term consequences. However, there is evidence that it may cause tremendous distress in the mother-infant relationship, and can lead to disorders of behavioral and emotional regulation at the toddler stage (such as sleep and feeding disorders, chronic fussiness, excessive clinginess, and temper tantrums). Early treatment of excessive crying focuses on parent-infant communication, and parent-infant interaction in the context of soothing and settling the infant to sleep is a promising approach that may prevent later behavioral and emotional disorders in infancy.

• 한국보육학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.75-86
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• 2019

본 연구는 어머니의 성인애착, 유아의 문제행동 및 어머니의 양육태도간의 관계를 살펴보고, 어머니의 성인애착이 유아의 문제행동에 미치는 영향에서 어머니의 양육태도가 조절역할을 하는지를 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위해 어린이집에 재원중인 만3~5세 유아의 어머니 352명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시 하였다. 연구결과, 어머니의 성인애착 중 회피가 유아의 내재화 문제행동의 위축에 미치는 영향을 자율적 양육태도가 조절하는 효과를 나타냈으며, 성인애착 중 불안이 문제행동의 위축에 미치는 영향을 자율적 양육태도와 통제적 양육태도가 조절하는 효과를 보였다. 또한, 자율적 양육태도는 성인애착의 불안이 유아의 불안/우울 문제행동에 미치는 영향을 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. 성인애착이 유아의 문제행동 중 외현화 문제행동에 미치는 영향에 대하여 양육태도는 조절효과를 나타내지 않았다. 본 연구를 통해 불안정한 성인애착을 보유한 어머니들이 유아의 문제행동에 있어서 어머니의 양육태도에 따라 유아의 문제행동의 형태가 달라진다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.