• 대한가정학회지
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• 제44권9호
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• pp.89-101
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• 2006

본 연구는 미국 NICHD Study of Early Child Care에 참여하는 1364 가족을 대상으로 하여 어머니의 초기취업이 이후 어머니-자녀 관계에 미치는 영향을 종단적으로 밝혀보고자 하였다. 자녀 출생 이후 6개월부터의 취업에 관한 데이터를 이용하여 자녀의 영유아기 시기에 언제나 일주일에 30시간 이상 취업해 왔던 어머니, 파트타임으로 취업해왔거나 일부 기간 동안만 일했던 어머니, 그리고 늘 전업주부였던 어머니 집단으로 나누어 자녀가 36개월일 때와 초등학교 1학년일 때 세 집단 간 어머니의 지지행동, 자녀 자율성 존중, 적대감의 정도를 비교하였다. 자녀 연령 36개월까지 언제나 취업했던 어머니는 전혀 취업하지 않은 어머니에 비해 낮은 수준의 지지행동을 36개월에 보였다. 자녀 생후 1년 동안 부분적으로만 일했던 어머니는 다른 집단 어머니에 비해 유의하게 높은 수준의 지지행동을 보였다. 이외의 36개월에 관찰된 변수들에서는 유의한 집단 차이가 존재하지 않았다. 초등학교 일학년 때 모-자녀 관계에서는 어머니의 36개월까지의 취업집단 및 1학년 때 취업집단 사이 모두 유의한 집단차를 찾을 수 없었다. 전반적인 결과는 어머니의 취업, 특히 영유아기의 초기 취업이 2-3년 이후 어머니가 자녀와 가지는 상호작용의 질에 일관되게 부정적인 영향을 주지는 않는다는 점을 시사하였다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.921-927
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• 2009

This study was conducted to examine the nutritional knowledge and dietary habits by gender and a mother's employment status for middle school students. The subjects consisted of 423 students (212 boys and 211 girls). As for mother's employment status, 61.7% of the mothers were working, and 38.3% were housewives. The results from the analysis on differences of nutritional knowledge and dietary habits showed that girls tended to have a higher nutritional knowledge than boys (p<0.01). In terms of dietary habits, boys appeared to have more desirable eating habits than girls. As for the mother's employment status, only students whose mothers were doing housework tended to have higher nutrition knowledge and more positive dietary habits than students whose mothers were working. The influence of nutritional knowledge was found to have a significant effect on dietary habits (p<0.001). In addition, nutritional knowledge (B=0.168, p<0.01) turned out to have an influence on dietary habits, where a higher nutritional knowledge produced more positive dietary habits. Considering the results described above, nutritional knowledge appears to have a significant influence on dietary habits. Therefore, instructions on the importance of nutritionally well balanced meals must to be reinforced in nutritional education.

• 아동학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.129-144
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to focus on the effects of a mother's characteristics and self-awareness as they impact upon parenting stress, with the additional aim of creating an appropriate structural equation model. The subjects of the study comprised 2078 newborn children (and their mothers) taken from the $1^{st}$ year of the Korea Children's Panel. The results of the research are as follows. The mother's feeling of pregnancy, her income activity, religion, and educational level impacted significantly upon self-awareness, whereas employment status did not. In addition, the feeling of pregnancy and income activity had a effect on parenting stress both directly and indirectly. Educational level and religion impacted on parenting stress indirectly through self-awareness. Both employment status and self-awareness were found to have impacted on parenting stress directly. The implication of these findings are also discussed.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.63-79
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• 2015

본 연구는 어머니의 취업여부에 따른 가족환경의 제반여건이나 심리적, 물리적 환경이 어떻게 다른지 살펴보고, 어떤 요인들이 취업모와 비취업모의 결혼만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인인지 살펴보았다. 첫째, 어머니의 취업여부에 따른 가정환경 변인을 분석한 결과, 먼저 양육환경에서는 비취업모가 취업모에 비하여 양육스트레스가 높으며 남편의 양육협조를 받지 못했다. 또한, 어머니의 개인변인에서 취업모의 자아존중감이 비취업모에 비해 높은 편인 반면, 비취업모는 우울감 수준이 유의하게 높았다. 또한, 아버지 개인 변인에서 남편이 지각하는 부부갈등 수준이 아내가 취업한 경우에 높았다. 아동변인에서는, 비취업모가 자신의 자녀가 좀 더 부정적인 정서를 보이며 까다로운 편이라고 지각하는 것으로 나타났다. 취업모의 자녀가 발달 상태에 있어서는 정상발달 범주에 포함되는 비율이 더 높았다. 둘째, 부인의 취업여부와 관계없이 부부갈등은 결혼만족도에 유의한 부적영향을 미쳤으며, 남편의 양육협조와 남편의 결혼만족도는 부인의 결혼만족도에 정적영향을 미쳤다. 취업여성의 결혼 만족도에 영향을 미치는 변인으로 부인의 최종학력이 유의한 변수로 나타났다. 이 연구는 영아기 가정의 가정환경을 어머니의 취업여부를 중심으로 비교 모색하였고, 어떤 변수들이 영아기 자녀의 어머니의 결혼만족도에 영향을 미치는지 규명했다는 점에서 의의를 찾을 수 있겠다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of family mealtime and family functioning (family cohesion, family adaptability, and communication with father and mother) on early adolescent school adaptation. Data of 3,145 middle school students from the Survey on the Family Values and Lives among Adolescents(2010) conducted by National Youth Policy Institute(NYPI) were used. The findings are as follows. First, there were significant differences in the frequency of having breakfast and dinner with father and having breakfast with mother, family cohesion, and communication with father according to gender. Second, hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that household economic status, mother's employment status and adolescents' gender among demographic characteristics, having breakfast with father and having dinner with mother in family mealtime frequency, and all the variables of family functioning predicted adolescents' school adaptation. Finally, economic status, having dinner with mother, family cohesion, and communication with father and mother were associated with adolescents' school adaptation for both boys and girls. Mother's education and having breakfast with father were found to be significant for only boys, while mother's employment status and family adaptability were found to be significant for only girls. These findings could provide grounds for making family and education policy.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.831-847
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• 2011

This study investigated the factors that influence child care expenses and the type of child care services used by preschool children. Data for this study was obtained from a questionnaire completed by mothers of preschool children during the spring of 2009. The data was analyzed by the following methods: $X^2$, ANOVA, multinominal logit analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study showed the significant factors that affected the types of child care services used by preschool children. These factors were the child's age, child's sex, mother's age, mother's educational level, mother's employment status, family income, type of residence, residential area, and family type. Monthly child care expenses for one child was an average of 374,000 won and it accounted for about 9 percent of their family income. The significant factors that affect child care expenses were the mother's educational level, the mother's employment status, the number of preschool children, family income, residential area, family type and the type of child care services.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.43-56
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• 2010

This study explored time-use patterns of young children and compared the patterns according to mother's employment status. Using 6718 time diaries of 3359 children under age 5, as reported by their mothers, this study examined (1) the proportion of children who spent time on certain activities and the amount of time they spent on each activity for a weekday and a weekend day and (2) the proportion and the amount of time that children spent with certain adults. Compared to children with unemployed mothers, children with employed mothers spent more time during weekdays in child care centers and less time sleeping. These children also spent more time on education during weekends. The proportionate and actual times children spent with various adults also differed by the mother's employment status. Those with employed mothers spent less time with their mothers and more time with other relatives or teachers on weekdays. These results indicate that maternal employment corresponds with differing timeuse patterns from children's early life stages.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.34-39
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• 1993

부산시 남구 감만동 소재의 어린이집 원아 99명과 어머니를 대상으로 1992년 7월 1일 부터 7월 14일 까지 어머니의 영양지식과 식생활태도가 유아의 영양실태에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1 )어머니의 영양지식 점수가 높을수록 식생활태도가 좋은 것으로 나타났다 2)어머니의 영양지식 수준과 식생활태도는 교육수준이 높아질 수록 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 3)어머니의 취업과 영양지식의 상관도는 높았으나, 취업과 식생활태도는 유의적 상관을 보이지 않았다. 4)어머니의 교육수준과 유아의 단백질, 지방, 칼슘, niacin의 섭취량은 고도의 유의성을 보였고, 어머니의 영양지식과 비타민 A, 비타민 C는 음의 상관을 나타냈다. 어머니의 식생활태도가 좋을수록 유아의 영양섭취도 좋아졌고, 단백질, 칼슘, 지방과는 유의적 상관을 보였다. 어머니의 취업과 유아의 에너지섭취량, 비타민 A, 비타민 B$_1$, 비타민 C, niacin의 섭취량이 음식의 상관을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 5)유아의 발육상태는 어머니의 교육수준이나 영양지식 정도보다는 식생활태도와 높은 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났고, 어머니의 취업과는 음의 상관을 보였다. 6)유아의 식사다양도는 어머니의 교육수준이 높을수록, 식생활태도가 좋을수록, 높게 나타났으며, 어머니의 영양지식과는 유의적 상관을 보이지 않았고, 어머니의 취업과는 음의 상관을 나타냈다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.95-106
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to examine the relations among mother's self-differentiation intimate. relationship parental role satisfaction and parenting stress. The subjects were 144 middle class mothers who have a first-born child aged from 6 to 36 months in Seoul. Data were gathered via questionnaire distributed to the mothers. The major results were as follows; (1) Mothers who achieved higher self-differentiation perceived lower parenting stress. (2) Mothers who highly satisfied with both their husbands' support and marital relations perceived lower parenting stress. (3) Mother's parental role satisfaction was not related to mother's parenting stress. (4) The variables predicting parenting stress were mother's self-differentiatin mother's satisfaction with intimate relationship and husband's support. However the predictive powers of these variables were different depending on mother's employment status.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to show general trends in the degree of parental monitoring, self-control and problem behavior perceived by adolescents and to examine possible changes in such trends in accordance with gender of adolescents and mother's employment, and then to determine the effects of these variables on adolescents' problem behavior. The subjects were 1288 adolescents of middle school in Busan (male 661, female 627). The main results were as follow. (1) General trends in the degree of internalizing problems and total behavior problems showed that girls had more problem behaviors than boys. (2) Boys and girls with unemployed mother perceived more parental monitoring than ones with employed mothers. Boys with unemployed mother had more self-control than ones with employed mothers. Boys with employed mother showed more problem hehaviors than ones with unemployed mother. (3) Mother's employment, the degree of parental monitoring and self-control had a significant indirect effect on internalizing problems, externalizing problems and total behavior problems. (4) The degree of self-control was the most powerful predicator of problem behaviors of middle school students.