• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.825-833
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• 2013

In this study, the dyeing properties of Phellodendron amurense on cotton and silk fabrics were evaluated to establish a scientific database of dyeing methods using natural dyes with the ultimate aim of facilitating the practical use of these dyes. The optimal thickener and dyeing concentrations depending on the thickener type were identified when dyeing with P. amurense, and the fabric color, color fastness, and antibiosis were examined for various thickeners, fabrics, and mordants. The results were as follows.: The optimal concentrations of thickeners when dyeing on cotton and silk fabrics were CMC 3% (w/w), Mayprogum 7% (w/w), and Indalka 9% (w/w). The optimal concentration of P. amurense was 25% (w/w), irrespective of the type of thickener. To maintain the hue unique to P. amurense, thickening with Mayprogum or Indalka and mordanting with Al was effective for cotton, while thickening with Mayprogum or Indalka and mordanting with Al or thickening with CMC and mordanting with gallnut was effective for silk. The dry-cleaning fastness and abrasion resistance of cotton fabrics dyed with P. amurense were excellent at the 4-5 level. Gallnut was effective for washing fastness and perspiration fastness against color degradation, and FFC was effective for light fastness. The washing fastness, dry-cleaning fastness, abrasion resistance, and perspiration fastness of silk fabrics dyed with P. amurense were excellent at level 4, except for washing and perspiration fastness, and FFC was effective for the improvement of light fastness. Dyeing cotton and silk fabrics with P. amurense thus yielded antibiosis and excellent washing fastness.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.4 s.57
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• pp.540-549
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• 2005

It was the purpose of this study to investigate the effect of chitosan treatment and mordanting on the air-permeability, fastness of the dyestuff to washing, fastness of the dyestuff to light, and antimicrobial effect of cotton and nylon fabrics dyed using Rhusjara ica. In the dyeing experiment, examinations were made on the difference between the chitosan treated fabrics and chitosan untreated fabrics, and on the difference according to the type of mordanting agents and the mordanting methods. Dyeing was carried out for the chitosan treated and untreated fabrics under the conditions of non-mordanting and Al, Sn, Fe mordanting. As a result, due to the dye-uptake of the dyestuff component of the Rhusjara ica, the air-permeability values decreased considerably. And due to the action of the mordanting agents, the air-permeability decreased also. The air-permeability decreased more conspicuously in the case of the dyestuffs uptake to the chitosan components than in the case of the dyestuffs uptake to the cotton fibers or nylon fibers. Nylon dyed fabric exhibited better wash fastness than the cotton dyed fabric. As the number of washing increased, the color of the cotton fabric specimens and nylon fabric specimens, dyed using Rhusjara ica, shifted toward yellowish. The light fastness values were in the range of grade 1${\~}$2, which were very inferior. The light fastness values did not improve according to the mordanting or to the chitosan treatment. In the case of chitosan untreated fabrics dyed using Rhusjara ica, the growth rate of the bacteria promoted, on the contrary, compared to that of the control white fabric.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.45-63
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• 1994

128 freshly extracted human molars were used to study the interaction between dentinal smear layer removal with various agents, and the shear bond strength of a light cured glass ionomer cement to dentin. It was proposed that the removal of smear layers using acidic cleaners followed by incorporation of Fe mordant with dentin could enhanced the infiltration of monomer component in light curing glass ionomer cement and resulted in a high bond strength. For the first treatment process for removal of smear layers on the surfaces of dentin, 50 % citric acid, 10% maleic acid and 10 % phosphoric acid were used, and for the second treatment process, 15% ferric chloride, 6.8% ferric oxalate or 30% potassium oxalate were used. Distilled water was used as a control. After double sequential treatment on dentin, a light curing glass ionomer cement was bonded to dentin. After being immersed in water at 31'C for 24 hours, shear bond strengths were measured Instron testing machine(Model No.4202, USA). Surface changes were also observed using SEM (Hitachi, S-2300, Japan) after treatment process with each agents. The following conclusions were drawn : 1. Dentin surface cleaned with maleic acid and treated with ferric oxalate showed the highest bond strength with light curing glass ionomer cement. 2. Bond strengths of glass ionomer cement to dentin treated with maleic acid or citric acid were the highest, and that treated with phosphoric acid showed the lowest. 3. The effect of ferric oxalate on shear bond strength to dentin was always higher than that of ferric chloride. 4. The smear layers were clearly removed and the orifices of dentinal tubules were opened widely by the citric acid, maleic acid and phosphoric acid. 5. The orifices of dentinal tubules opened after using the first solution were closed with the treatment of ferric chloride. 6. The precipitate like crystals were formed on dentin surfaces and tubules, but a significant decrease in bond strength of glass ionomer cement to dentin surface treated with potassium oxalate.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.83-100
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• 2003

It has been known that the chitosan pre-treated fabrics can be dyed without the aid of mordanting process. It is due to the fact that chitosan treatment increases the dye uptake. However, the effect of chitosan on the dyeing mechanism has not been elucidated thus far. Following explanations have been presented regrading the action of the chitosan on the dyeing mechanisms: 1. Chitosan absorbs dyestuffs and facilitates dyeing since the chitosan itself has a good affinity toward dyestuffs. 2. Chitosan acts as a metallic mordant between the fiber molecule and dyestuff. 3. Fiber molecules and chitosan form a coordinate covalent bond. This study aims the quantitative investigation on the effect of the chitosan and the effect of sequence of the mordanting, pre-mordanting or post-mordanting, on the dyeing of the fabrics. Cotton fabrics and acylic fabrics were pre-treated with chitosan before dyeing with cochineal dyestuffs. Method 1: Fabrics were, firstly, mordanted with Al, Sn, Cu, and Fe; mordanted fabrics were, secondly, treated with chitosan; mordanted and chitosan-treated fabrics were, thirdly, dyed. Method 2: Fabrics were, firstly, treated with chitosan; chitosan-treated fabrics were, secondly, mordanted with Al, Sn, Cu, and Fe; these were dyed then. Method 2 gave distinguished specific color development with darker shade. Apart from this, chitosan-treated fabrics yielded darker shade compared to the pre-mordanted fabrics without chitosan-treatment.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.15-22
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• 1999

This study investigated the mordanting effect of natural mordants such as camellia ash, bean chaff ash and pyrolignite of iron(Iron(II) Acetate) on silk fabrics dyed with green tea extracts. Experimental variables include the conditions of extraction and dyeing, and types of natural mordants. Inorganic ion contents In natural mordants were analysed by Induced Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer. In the ash Al, Fe, Si and Mn were in % unit, Cr and Ni were detected in ppm unit, and in the aqueous extracts of the ash all the metal ions were in ppm unit. On the other hand, fairly high content of Al(2.13% ) in camellia ash extract and Fe(7.91% ) in the aqueous extracts of pyrolignite iron were detected. The absorbance intensity of green tea extracts in UV-Visible spectrum increased with the temperature and time of extraction. The maximum absorption wavelength of the extracts appeared at 272.5nm and 210.5nm. The US values of silk fabrics dyed with green tea extracts were increased with temperature and time of dyeing. Surface color of silk fabric dyed with green tea extracts was 9.1YR, but it was changed from 7.9YR to 7.5YR by camellia ash extract and 7.4YR to 6.4YR by bean chaff ash extract with increase in mordant concentration. Pre-mordanted and post-mordanted fabrics with pyrolignite of iron were changed from 1.4YR to 1.1R and 7.2P to 4.2P, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.139-142
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• 2006

This study was conducted to develop antibacterial hand towel and dishcloth against food poisoning bacteria, and to examine the dyeability and the antibacterial activity of cotton fabrics against food poisoning bacteria, which was dyed with 1 % extracts of Geranium nepalense at $50\;to\;60^{\circ}C$ minutes. Surface colors of cotton fabrics treated nothing, alum $[AIK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}nH_2O]$, and calcium hydroxide $[Ca(OH)_2]$ with mordants showed grayed-yellow group, that treated copper sulfate $(CUSO_4)$ with mordant was grey-brown group, and that treated sulfate of iron $(FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O)$ made grayed-green group. Hue value of cotton fabrics dyed with the extracts of Geranium nepalense and dried until twenty times was an order of descent Y, that dried thirty to forty an order of descent YR. Cotton fabrics dyed with the extracts of Geranium nepalense had the antibacterial activity against food poisoning bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coil and Salmonella typhimurium by over 99.99%. And that dried over thirty times showed the antibacterial activities against food poisoning bacteria by 52.91%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.598-605
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• 2001

The study that has been conducted is the consideration of the durability of dye, antibacterial activity, and deodorizing effects of cotton and silk textiles dyed with a botanical dying material that has been used in various ways over the years as Korean diet and folk remedies, the pomegranate. 1. The results of the K/S value of dying according to the types of mordants of textiles dyed with pomegranate extract the following have been discovered: The increase of K/S value of dying of the silk textiles appear to be higher than that of the cotton textiles. Next, silk textiles that have been treated with FeSO$_4$.7$H_2O$ appear to be at the highest. 2. The results of the color change measurement show a difference of color can be noticed according to the types of mordant. As opposed to those textiles that had been only scured textiles, all of the dyed textiles appeared to turn yellow. 3. Textiles that had been treated with $K_2$Cr$_2$O(sub)7 recorded the highest durability according to the colorfastness to light results. In the case of the cotton textiles colorfastness to washing, all appeared to show exceptional results of 3rd class or higher, excluding the textiles that had been treated FeSO$_4$.7$H_2O$. However silk textiles recorded relatively low classes of below 3rd to 4th class. For the colorfastness to washing of pollution, the results for both the cotton and silk textiles were excellent at class 4-5. The results of colorfastness to perspiration, colorfastness to rubbing, and colorfastness to dry cleaning showed comparatively exceptional results of 3rd to 4th class or higher when it came to dyed textiles. 4. According to the measurements of antibiosis, dyed textiles that had been treated with SnCl$_2$.2$H_2O$ appeared to show an exceptional bacterium decrease of approximately 70%. 5. According to the deodorizing measurements, dyed silk textiles appeared to have a higher deodorizing effect than cotton textiles. As for cotton textiles, those that had been treated with FeSO$_4$.7$H_2O$ and in the case of dyed silk textiles those that had been treated SnCl$_2$.2$H_2O$ recorded the highest deodorizing effect.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.90-98
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to estimate natural dyeing properties of Korean traditional paper (Hanji). Korean traditional paper, which made from bleached bast fiber pulp of Broussonetia kazinoki was used as base paper. As dyestuffs, hot water extractives of Phellodendron amurense bark, Rosa multiflora leaf and stalk, and Rubia cordifolia root and methanol extractives of Lithospermum erytrorhizon root were used. $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ and $Fe(OH)(CH_3COO)_2$ 0.5% solution were used as mordant. Soybean juice (10%), chitosan (0.1%), and skim milk (2%) solutions were used as auxiliary dyeing agents. Accelerated aging treatments of natural dyed Korean traditional papers were undergone at following conditions: exposure temperature, $80^{\circ}C$ relative humidity, 60%; wavelength, 340 nm; UV irradiance, $0.67W/m^2/nm$ exposure time, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Colors, color difference, and color fastness were examined for estimation of natural dyeing characteristics. The auxiliary dyeing agents treated Korean traditional papers were more superior the dyeing effectiveness about dyestuffs than untreated Korean traditional papers. The dyeing effectiveness of soybean juice treated Korean traditional paper was superior to the others. The color fastness of Korean traditional paper, which was dyed with Rubia cordifolia root extractives, was most inferior to the others.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.527-533
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• 2017

As the clothing industry has advanced, dyeing technologies using various dyes have been developed. In recent years, interest in natural pigments has been increasing because of the negative impact of synthetic pigment on human health; therefore, development and application of microbial pigments is demanded. In this study, the dyeing effects on multifiber fabrics and biological activity were assessed using violet natural pigment from the marine bacterium, Microbulbifer sp. PPB12. The violet pigment produced by cultivation of Microbulbifer sp. PPB12 using Marine broth 2216 for 3 days was extracted using ethanol. Once dissolved in 20% ethanol, the violet pigment could be used to dye bleached cotton, diacetate, and especially polyamide. The optimal temperature, time, pH, and bath ratio under the dyeing conditions were $80^{\circ}C-90^{\circ}C$, more than 1 hour, pH 4-6, and 1:25, respectively. The mordant treatment was more suitable for color expression when $Na_2SO_4$ was used after 10 minutes of dyeing, but no significant difference was observed from untreated samples. The violet pigment also showed antibacterial activity against B. subtilis. The results of the present study indicate that the marine bacterial pigment could be an alternative for textile dyeing as a natural dye with antibacterial activity.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.39-48
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• 2006

This study was carried out to make a search for the usefulness of marigold plants (Tagetes erecta) as a natural dye. And we have also examined into the dyeability and antifungal activity of silk and cotton fabrics dyed with 2% powdered colorant and 1% liquid colorant. Almost surface colors of silk and cotton fabrics dyed with 2% powdered colorant and that dyed with 1% liquid colorant except for that treated Cu and Fe with mordants were shown by Y-level. $L^*$ values of silk fabrics dyed with 2% powdered colorant were 66.2 to 86.39, those $a^*$ values were -1.97 to 6.09, and those $b^*$ values were 13.69 to 35.97. And $L^*$ values of cotton fabrics dyed with 2% powdered colorant were 78.97 to 89.62, those a values were -3.39 to 0.38, and those $b^*$ values were 5.63 to 15.61 $L^*$ values of silk fabrics dyed with 1% liquid colorant were 34.37 to 85.57, those a values were -7.79 to 12.33, and those $b^*$ values were 15.13 to 82.91, And $L^*$ values of cotton fabrics dyed with 1% liquid colorant were 44.12 to 87.90, those $a^*$ values were -8.37 to 6.18, and those $b^*$ values were 11.65 to 78.87. Colorfastness of silk fabrics against light treated nothing with mordants and that dyed with 1% liquid colorant decreased for a little by second grade, however, that against washing, rubbing, perspiration and dry cleaning were increased over fourth grade. Colorfastness of cotton fabrics in terms of rubbing, light, and dry cleaning, except for washing and perspiration, were shown by over third grade, when that was treated nothing with mordants. Antifungal activities of silk fabrics treated nothing with mordants and dyed with 1% liquid colorant of marigold extracts were shown by 28.9% against Staphylococcus aureus. However, those of Al, Ca, Cu and tartaric acid mordanting were more than 25.5% against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.