• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2013

"Time versus money effect" refers to a favorable shift in consumers' responses activated by time(vs. money). In general, how people spend their time or money could reflect one's personal identity. Previous research indicates that drawing individuals' attention to time makes more effective in product satisfaction rather than money. Also, whereas because time is experienced as an experience, time activates more positive product satisfaction for experiential product rather than materialistic product, money has the reverse effect because money relates with possessions. Present study examined the effect of time and money on consumers' attitudes and decisions and the role of product type including smartphone. In experiment 1, participants evaluated their experiences or their own products(family restaurant, smartphone, premium jean). They satisfied more with their smartphones when activated by time than by money. In experiment 2, 3 image ads, a promotion image ad for each product(family restaurant, smartphone, premium jean), were offered to find the effect of time and money in promotion ads. The interaction effects between activating condition and product type were revealed on the product attitudes, product satisfaction, purchase intent, and personal connection reflecting the consistent time effect on smartphone. In addition, the main effect of the activating condition was significant which meant time activating ads were more effective than money activating ads.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.83-128
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• 1996

This paper explores desirable features of annual salary system a corporation can adopt to design it for R&D personnel or staff. This research, in particular, purports to examine how effective the money compensation is used to motivate R&D personnel and some differences with respect to their research areas, educational backgroudns and professional positions. In addition, the paper analyzes the motivational effectiveness of non-money compensation by comparing the preference level of the money and non-money rewards such as recognition, autonomy and responsibilities, etc. The response of R&D personnel as analyzed in this paper would provide a helpful reference for designing an annual salary system in R&D group.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.71-94
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• 1990

This paper reviews the rationale of monetary and banking intervention by an outside authority, either the government or the central bank, and seeks to delineate clearly the optimal limits to the monetary and banking deregulation currently underway in Korea as well as on a global scale. Furthermore, this paper seeks to establish an objective and balanced view on the role of the central bank, especially in light of the current discussion on the restructuring of Korea's central bank, which has been severely contaminated by interest-group politics. The discussion begins with the recognition that the modern free banking school and the new monetary economics are becoming formidable challenges to the traditional role of the government or the central bank in the monetary and banking sector. The paper reviews six arguments that have traditionally been presented to support intervention: (1) the possibility of an over-issue of bank notes under free banking instead of central banking; (2) externalities in and the public good nature of the use of money; (3) economies of scale and natural monopoly in producing money; (4) the need for macro stabilization policy due to the instability of the real sector; (5) the external effects of bank failure due to the inherent instability of the existing banking system; and (6) protection for small banknote users and depositors. Based on an analysis of the above arguments, the paper speculates on the optimal role of the government or central bank in the monetary and banking system and the optimal degree of monetary and banking deregulation. By contrast to the arguments for free banking or laissez-faire monetary systems, which become fashionable in recent years, monopoly and intervention by the government or central bank in the outside money system can be both necessary and optimal. In this case, of course, an over-issue of fiat money may be possible due to political considerations, but this issue is beyond the scope of this paper. On the other hand, the issue of inside monies based on outside money could indeed be provided for optimally under market competition by private institutions. A competitive system in issuing inside monies would help realize, to the maxim urn extent possible, external economies generated by using a single outside money. According to this reasoning, free banking activities will prevail in the inside money system, while a government monopoly will prevail in the outside money system. This speculation, then, also implies that the monetary and banking deregulation currently underway should and most likely will be limited to the inside money system, which could be liberalized to the fullest degree. It is also implied that it will be impractical to deregulate the outside money system and to allow market competition to provide outside money, in accordance with the arguments of the free banking school and the new monetary economics. Furthermore, the role of the government or central bank in this new environment will not be significantly different from their current roles. As far as the supply of fiat money continues to be monopolized by the government, the control of the supply of base money and such related responsibilities as monetary policy (argument(4)) and the lender of the last resort (argument (5)) will naturally be assigned to the outside money supplier. However, a mechanism for controlling an over-issue of fiat money by a monopolistic supplier will definitely be called for (argument(1)). A monetary policy based on a certain policy rule could be one possibility. More importantly, the deregulation of the inside money system would further increase the systemic risk inherent in the current fractional banking system, while enhancing the efficiency of the system (argument (5)). In this context, the role of the lender of the last resort would again become an instrument of paramount importance in alleviating liquidity crises in the early stages, thereby disallowing the possibility of a widespread bank run. Similarly, prudential banking supervision would also help maintain the safety and soundness of the fully deregulated banking system. These functions would also help protect depositors from losses due to bank failures (argument (6)). Finally, these speculations suggest that government or central bank authorities have probably been too conservative on the issue of the deregulation of the financial system, beyond the caution necessary to preserve system safety. Rather, only the fullest deregulation of the inside money system seems to guarantee the maximum enjoyment of external economies in the single outside money system.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2013

Due to the popularization of digital high-performance capturing equipments and the emergence of powerful image-editing softwares, it is easy for anyone to make a high-quality counterfeit money. However, the probability of detecting a counterfeit money to the general public is extremely low. In this paper, we propose a counterfeit money detection algorithm using a general purpose scanner. This algorithm determines counterfeit money based on the different features in the printing process. After the non-local mean value is used to analyze the noises from each money, we extract statistical features from these noises by calculating a gray level co-occurrence matrix. Then, these features are applied to train and test the support vector machine classifier for identifying either original or counterfeit money. In the experiment, we use total 324 images of original money and counterfeit money. Also, we compare with noise features from previous researches using wiener filter and discrete wavelet transform. The accuracy of the algorithm for identifying counterfeit money was over 94%. Also, the accuracy for identifying the printing source was over 93%. The presented algorithm performs better than previous researches.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.93-108
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that affected to physical functions, activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). The subjects for this study, 236 persons, 65 years and over, who were living at rural area in Chun-Cheon city. This survey was carried out from march 3rd to April 25th, 1998. The data was analysed by using SPSS PC+ program. The results were as follows. 1.The variables that were related to the conditions of physical functions were as follows; age, sex, educational level among the general characteristics; raising ways of money, monthly using money for life, states of pocket money, obtaining method of pocket money, state of weight, problems in mind, whether or not chronic illness among socio ㆍeconoㆍphysical conditions; the level of satisfactions in life, subjective condition of health among the subjective thinking ; controlling state in smoking and drinking of alcohol among the lifestyles for promoting health. But the variables for medical utilization were not related to the level of physical function. 2. The variables that were associated with the condition of ADLs were as follows; age among the general characteristics; monthly using money for life, working amount among the socioㆍeconoㆍphysical conditions; subjective conditions of health among the subjective thinking. But The variables for medical utilization, lifestyle for promoting health were irrelevant to the conditions of ADLs. 3. The variables that were related to the conditions of IADLs were as follows; age, educational level among the general characteristics; raising ways of money, monthly using money for life, resident type in the household, procurement method of pocket money, level of weight, problems in mind, wether or not chronic illness among socioㆍeconoㆍphysical condition; regularity of health checking among lifestyles for promoting health; kinds of utilizing medical agent among the variables about utilization patterns of medical agencies; subjective condition of health among the subjective thinking In this study, in the aged there were related factors of physical and life functions, were age, working amount, subjective condition of health.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.321-332
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• 2020

Background and objective: The concept of 'money' in the numbers and operations domain is a fundamentally necessary domain of economic life. This study was conducted to examine the effects of a horticulture-mathematics integration program on mathematical attitude and money calculating ability of high school students with intellectual disabilities. Methods: We analyzed the changes in the mathematical attitude and money calculating ability of students with mild intellectual disabilities in S special school in the city of D, Republic of Korea, with 12 students in the control group and 12 students in the experimental group, from August 27 to October 29, 2019. Results: The results of the comparison showed no statistically significant changes in the three items of mathematical attitude for the control group, while the experimental group, which took part in the horticulture-mathematics integration program, showed statistically significant differences across all three items, such as self-concept about the subject (p = .003), attitude toward the subject (p = .004), and study habit related to the subject (p = .012). The horticulture-mathematics integration program, which was developed by integrating horticultural activities and the mathematics curriculum, used plants and horticultural activities to provide students with positive experiences in mathematics. These included the sense of closeness, curiosity, interest, attention, and enjoyment, leading to positive changes in mathematical attitude. In terms of money calculating ability, both the control group and experimental group showed statistical differences across the three items, but the experimental group showed greater degrees of increase, 15.0 or more, in the scores compared to the control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that utilizing horticultural materials as a part of purchase learning programs with elements of money calculation chapters in the mathematics curriculum could lead to the improvement of students' ability in money calculation. These positive changes are thought to be related to the high degrees of interest in horticulture among students, which led to active participation in the program and enabled the simple and repeated purchase activities in the program to generate positive changes in the money calculation ability of the students.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.485-493
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• 2004

This paper considers the test of money and income causality. Jeong (1991, 2003) developed a nonparametric causality test based on the kernel estimation method. We apply the nonparametric test to USA data of money and income. We also compare the test results with ones of the conventional parametric test.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.45-62
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the money management behavior of adolescents and to examine the demographic variables and consumer behaviors which influence the money management. The subjects were 347 high school students in Chonju, Korea. The main results were as follows; 1) The mean score of the money management behavior of adolescents were 3.06. Among the variables, evaluating showed the highest score, and implementing was the second highest score. 2) The significant variables which influence the money management for adolescents were application of the information sources, sex, reference group, participation of the financial decision-making for the family, number of the siblings, tendency for materialism.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.67-82
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate out-of-pocket money among medical expenses of an oriental medical university hospital by the use of internal data of an oriental hospital because medical insurance program data could not show us insuree's out-of-pocket money among medical expenses. The purpose of this study was to analyze out-of-pocket money among medical expenses of ambulatory and hospitalized patients. Under this purpose, We analyzed actual medical expenses data of 1389 out-patients and 858 in-patients of the oriental medical university hospital with 90 beds that could be approach to internal data from July 1, 1998 to March 31, 1999. The major findings are as follows : 1. In ambulatory patients, the cost share ratio of insuree & that of insurer was 90 : 10 respectly. 2. In hospitalized patients, the cost share ratio of insuree & that of insurer was 72 : 28 respectly.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.652-655
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• 2003

This paper represents the electronic money market forecast. The cash, check and traditional settlement means transfer the electronic money with information technique. This paper forecasts not only the use of electronic money markets but also the scale of electronic money. So, the purpose of this study is to forecast and analyze the present situation of electronic money market.