• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.547-564
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• 2023

This study investigates the effect of bolt preloading on the rotational stiffness of stainless steel end-plate connections. An experimental programme incorporating 11 full-scale joint specimens are carried out comparing the behaviours of fully pre-tensioned (PT) and snug-tightened (ST) flush/extended end-plate connections, made of austenitic or lean duplex stainless steels. It is observed from the tests that the presence of bolt preloading leads to a significant increase in the rotational stiffness. A parallel finite element analysis (FEA) validated against the test results demonstrates that the geometric imperfection of end-plate has a strong influence on the moment-rotation response of preloaded end-plate connections, which is crucial to explain the observed "two-stage" behaviour of these connections. Based on the data obtained from the tests and FE parametric study, the performance of the Eurocode 3 predictive model is evaluated, which exhibits a significant deviation in predicting the rotational stiffness of stainless steel end-plate connections. A modified bi-linear model, which incorporates three key properties, is therefore proposed to enable a better prediction. Finally, the effect of bolt preloading is demonstrated at the system (structure) level considering the serviceability of semi-continuous stainless steel beams with end-plate connections.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제89권1호
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• pp.77-91
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• 2024

During strong seismic events, inelastic shear deformation occurs in beam-column joints. To capture inelastic shear deformation, an analytical model for beam-column joint in reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures has been proposed in this study. The proposed model has been developed using a rotational spring and rigid links. The stiffness properties of the rotational spring element have been assigned in terms of a moment rotation curve developed from the shear stress-strain backbone curve. The inelastic rotation behavior of joint has been categorized in three stages viz. cracking, yielding and ultimate. The joint shear stress and strain values at these stages have been estimated using analytical models and experimental database respectively. The stiffness properties of joint rotational spring have been modified by incorporating a geometry factor based on dimensions of adjoining beam and column members. The hysteretic response of the joint rotational spring has been defined by a pivot hysteresis model. The response of the proposed analytical model has been verified initially at the component level and later at the structural level with the two actually tested RC frame structures. The proposed joint model effectively emulates the inelastic behavior precisely with the experimental results at component as well as at structural levels.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제68권5호
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• pp.591-601
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• 2018

Non-moment beam-to-column connections, which are usually referred to as simple or shear connections, are typically designed to carry only gravity loads in the form of vertical shears. Although in the analysis of structures these connections are usually assumed to be pinned, they may provide a small amount of rotational stiffness due to the typical connection details. This paper investigates the effects of this small rotational restraint of simple beam-to-column connections on the behavior and seismic response of steel braced non-moment resisting frames. Two types of commonly used simple connections with bolted angles, i.e., the Double Web angle Connection (DWC) and Unstiffened Seat angle Connection (USC) are considered for this purpose. In addition to the pinned condition - as a simplified representation of these connections - more accurate semi-rigid models are established and then applied to some frame models subjected to nonlinear pushover and nonlinear time history analyses. Although the use of bracing elements generally reduces the sensitivity of the global structural response to the behavior of connections, the obtained results indicate considerable effects on the local responses. Namely, our results show that consideration of the real behavior of connections is essential in designing the column elements where the pin-connection assumption significantly underestimates design of outer columns of upper stories.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.691-704
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• 2019

This study simulates the responses of large-scale bridge piers under pseudo-dynamic tests to investigate the performance of four types of numerical models that consider the nonlinear behavior of the pier and the rocking behavior of the footing. In the models, beam-column elements with plastic hinges are used for the pier, two types of foundation models (rotational spring and distributed spring models) are adopted for the footing behavior, and two types of viscous damping models (Rayleigh and dashpot models) are applied for energy dissipation. Results show that the nonlinear pier model combined with the distributed spring-dashpot foundation model can reasonably capture the behavior of the piers in the tests. Although the commonly used rotational spring foundation model adopts a nonlinear moment-rotation property that reflects the effect of footing uplift, it cannot suitably simulate the hysteretic moment-rotation response of the footing in the dynamic analysis once the footing uplifts. In addition, the piers are susceptible to cracking damage under strong seismic loading and the induced plastic response can provide contribution to earthquake energy dissipation.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2014년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.193-196
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• 2014

Experimantal evaluation of an energy storage device with high rotational speed to store regenerative energy which might be generated during the braking period of the trains is presented. The proposed ESS is small scale model and has 5kW output power, high rotational speed. In general railway trains generate regenerative energy for 10-20 sec when the train brakes and also high traction energy is needed for very short moment (10 sec) when the train increases the traction force. Considering such characteristics of the railway system energy storage device for the railway should have very fast response property. Among the various energy storage devices flywheel energy storage system has the fastest response property, which means that flywheel ESS is the most suitable for the railway system.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2005년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.955-958
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• 2005

In this study, the wind load characteristics for a transmission tower is investigated considering the effect of the transmission lines through stochastic analysis. The assemblage of the transmission line and insulator are modeled as a double pendulum system connected to the SDOF model of the tower It is observed that the background component of the overturing moment induced by the wind response of the transmission line has considerable portion in the total overturning moment. Based on this result, a rotational viscoelastic damper (VED) is proposed for the mitigation of the transmission line reactions, which act as wind load transferred to the tower. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, time history analysis is conducted for different wind velocities and VED damping constants. From the analysis, the proposed VED is proved to be effective for mitigation of the background component rather than the resonance component of the transmission line reaction.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.831-850
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• 2021

Surface subsidence caused by mining subsidence has an impact on neighboring structures and utilities. In other words, subsurface voids created by mining or tunneling activities induce soil movement, exposing buildings to physical and/or functional destruction. Soil-structure is evaluated employing probability distribution laws to account for their uncertainty and complexity to estimate structural vulnerability. In this study, to investigate the displacement field and surface settlement profile caused by mining subsidence, on the basis of a Winklersoil model, analytical equations for the moment-rotation response ofsoil during mining induced ground movements are developed. To define the full static moment-rotation response, an equation for the uplift-yield state is constructed and integrated with equations for the uplift- and yield-only conditions. The constructed model's findings reveal that the inverse of the factor of safety (x) has a considerable influence on the moment-rotation curve. The maximal moment-rotation response of the footing is defined by X = 0:6. Despite the use of Winkler model, the computed moment-rotation response results derived from the literature were analyzed through the ELM-SVM hybrid of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Also, Monte Carlo simulations are used to apply continuous random parameters to assess the transmission of ground motions to structures. Following the findings of RMSE and R2, the results show that the choice of probabilistic laws of input parameters has a substantial impact on the outcome of analysis performed.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.395-412
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• 2012

The present work addresses the rotational capacity of steel-concrete composite beams, which is a key issue for the seismic design of composite frames. Several experimental tests from the literature are summarised, and the effects of various parameters on the available plastic rotation are discussed. Furthermore, a number of remarks are made regarding the need for supplementary experimental results. The authors carried out experimental tests on four composite beams in which the type, width and connection degree of the slab were varied. During the tests, the deflection and strains in the steel profiles and bars were measured and recorded, wherein the observed trends in the measured parameters indicated that the failure mode of the beam was influenced by global and local buckling. A comparison of the experimental results to the theoretical ultimate strengths and moment-curvature relationships confirms that buckling phenomena occurred after section yielding, even if a consistent plastic rotation developed. This rotational capacity is well evaluated by a formulation that is available in the literature.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.307-321
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• 2006

This paper is concerned with the behaviour of steel and concrete composite joints subjected to reversal of loading. Three cruciform composite joint specimens and one bare steel joint specimen were tested so that one side of the beam-to-column connection was under negative moment and another side under positive moment. The steelwork beam-to-column connections were made of bolted end plate with an extended haunch section. Composite slabs employing metal decking were used for all the composite joint specimens. The moment-rotation relationships for the joints were obtained experimentally. Details of the experimental observations and results were reported.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.617-630
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• 2010

Different types of moment resisting connections are commonly used to transfer the induced seismic moments between frame elements in an earthquake resisting structure. The local connection behavior may drastically affect the global seismic response of the structure. In this study, the finite element and experimental seismic investigations are implemented on two frequently used connection type to evaluate the local behavior and to reveal the failure modes. An alternative connection type is then proposed to eliminate the unfavorable brittle fracture modes resulted from probable poor welding quality. This will develop a reliable predefined ductile plastic mechanism forming away from the critical locations. Employing this technique, the structural reliability of the moment resisting connections shall be improved by achieving a controllable energy dissipation source in form of yielding of the cover plates.